MS1124

Pengantar Teknik Mesin

Unit Conversion & Significant Figures Review
SI Unit System
 The International System Unit (SI) is based on MKS (meter,
kilogram, second)
 The fundamental units in the SI system are:
The meter (m), the fundamental unit of length
n

The second (s), the fundamental unit of time

n

The kilogram (kg), the fundamental unit of mass

n

The degree kelvin (K), the fundamental unit of temperature

n

The mole (mol), the fundamental unit of quantity of

n

particles
The ampere (A), the fundamental unit of electric current
n

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Some SI Units and Their Abbreviations
 ampere (A)  coulomb (C)
 henry (H)  kelvin (K)
 pascal (Pa)  volt (V)
 becquerel (Bq)  farad (F)
 hertz (Hz)  newton (N)
 siemens (S)  watt (W)
 celsius (°C)  gray (Gy)
 joule (J)  ohm (O)
 tesla (T)  weber (Wb)

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We assume you are familiar with mass, and you may indeed
think you are, but it is not a trivial concept.
As you will soon learn, mass is not weight (m  W)
In a gravitational field, mass certainly produces weight, but
the mass is present even where there is no gravity such as in
outer space.
Mass is best considered as the quantity of matter; it is a
property of the substance.

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Some Derived SI Units
Quantity Name Symbol Formula Fundamental
Units
Frequency hertz Hz 1/s s⁻¹
Force newton N kg.m/s² m.kg.s⁻²
Energy joule J N.m m².kg.s⁻²
Power watt W J/s m².kg.s⁻³
Electric charge coulomb C A.s A.s
Electric potential volt V W/A m².kg.s⁻³.A⁻¹
Electric resistance ohm Ω V/A m².kg.s⁻³.A⁻²
Electric farad F C/V m⁻².kg⁻¹.s⁴.A²
capacitance

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SI Unit Prefixes
Multiples Prefixes Symbols Submultiples Prefixes Symbols
10¹⁸ exa E 10⁻¹ deci d
10¹⁵ peta P 10⁻² centi c
10¹² tera T 10⁻³ mili m
10⁹ giga G 10⁻⁶ micro μ
10⁶ mega M 10⁻⁹ nano n
10³ kilo k 10⁻¹² pico p
10² hecto h 10⁻¹⁵ femto f
10¹ deka da 10⁻¹⁸ atto a

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Force, Weight and Mass
 Force on a mass is proportional to the acceleration it produces (Newton’s 2nd Law of Motion).
F  ma

F = ma
 In English Engineering units
  𝑎
𝐹=𝑚
𝑔𝑐
 Weight is the term for a force in the Earth’s gravitational field, which produces an acceleration
of g =32.2 ft/s² (9.81 m/s²).
gc= 32.2 lbm.ft/lbf.s2
W = mg
 In English Engineering units

  𝑔 lbm  ft
𝑊 =𝑚 gc  g
𝑔𝑐 lbf  s 2

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 Hukum Newton kedua:
F = m.a
F: gaya
m: massa
a: percepatan

 Berat (Weight):
W = m.g
W: berat
m: massa
g: percepatan akibat gravitasi di bumi = 9, 81 m/s²

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 Berapa gaya (dalam newton) yang bekerja pada massa
0,102 kg yang mengalami percepatan 9, 81 m/s²?

F = m.a
= 0,102 [kg] x 9,81 [m/s²]
= 1,00 [kg.m/s²]
= 1, 00 N

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Significant Figures
The use of the proper number of significant figures in
experimental work is an important part of the experimentation
process. 10 meters, or as 10. meters (notice the period after the
zero), or as 10.0 meters, or as 10.00 meters, implies something
about how accurately the measurement was made. The
implication of 10 meters as written is that the accuracy of our
measuring rule is of the order of 10 meters. However, 10. meters
implies the measurement was good to 1 meter. Likewise, 10.0
meters implies accuracy to 0.1 meter and 10.00 meters to 0.01
meters and so on. Unless they are integers, numbers such as 1,
30, and 100 all have only one significant figure.

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The identification of the number of significant figures
associated with a measurement comes only through
knowledge of how the measurement was carried out.
For example, if we measured the diameter of a circular shaft
with a ruler, the result might be 3.5 milimeter (two
significant figures), but if it were measured with a digital
micrometer it might be 3.512 milimeter (four significant
figures).

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 Rule 1
The sum or difference of two values should contain no significant figures
farther to the right of the decimal place than occurs in the least precise
number in the operation.

For example, 113.2 + 1.43 = 114.63, which must now be rounded to 114.6.
The less precise number in this operation is 113.2 (having only one place
to the right of the decimal point), so the final result can have no more than
one place to the right of the decimal point. Similarly, 113.2 - 1.43 = 111.77
must now be rounded to 111.8. This is vitally important when subtracting
two numbers of similar magnitude since their difference may be much less
significant than the two numbers that were subtracted. For example,
113.212 - 113.0 = 0.2 has only one significant figure even though the
“measured” numbers each had four or more significant figures.

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 Rule 2
The rule for multiplication and division of figures is: The product
or quotient should contain no more significant figures than are
contained by the term with the least number of significant figures
used in the operation.

For example, (113.2) x (1.43) = 161.876, which must now

be rounded to 162, and 113.2/1.43 = 79.16, which must now
be rounded to 79.2 because 1.43 contains the least number
of significant figures (i.e., three) in each case.

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 Rule 3
The rule for rounding numbers up or down is: When the discarded
part of the number is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4, the next remaining digit should not
be changed. When the discarded part of the number is 5, 6, 7, 8, or 9,
then the next remaining digit should be increased by one.

For example, if we were to round 113.2 to three significant figures, it

would be 113. If we were to round it further to two significant figures,
it would be 110, and if we were to round it to one significant figure, it
would be 100 with the trailing zeroes representing placeholders only.
As another example, 116.876 rounded to five significant figures is
116.88, which further rounded to four significant figures is 116.9,
which further rounded to three significant figures is 117. As another
example, 1.55 rounds to 1.6, but 1.54 rounds to 1.5.

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For Next Week
 Please read:
 Kosky, Chapter 2 and 3 about Force, Mass and Acceleration
 Force equilibrium (kesetimbangan gaya)

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