Physical properties of water and ice

• Some of the physical properties of water and ice are exceptional, and a
list of these is presented in Table 1-2.
Exceptional physical properties of
water
 High specific heat values of water
– Specific heat: the amount of heat, measured in calories, required to raise the
temperature of one gram of a substance by one Celsius degree.

– What is the importance of this property?

 Important for food processing operations such as freezing and
drying. How??
Exceptional physical properties of
water
 The density of ice changes with changes in
temperature
– What is the importance of this property?
 results in stresses in frozen foods.
 solids are much less elastic than semisolids, structural damage may
result from fluctuating temperatures, even if the fluctuations remain
below the freezing point.
Structure of water molecule
 The reason for the unusual behavior of water lies in
the structure of the water molecule (Figure 1-1) and in
the molecule's ability to form hydrogen bonds.
Structure of water molecule
 In ice, every H2O molecule is bound by four such bridges
to each neighbor.
 A comparison of the properties of water with those of the
hydrides of elements near oxygen in the Periodic Table
(CH4, NH3, HF, DH3, H2S, HCl) indicates that water has
unusually high values for certain physical constants. Some
of these values are listed in Table 1-3.
Structure of water molecule
Hydrogen bond
 Interaction between an electronegative atom and a
hydrogen atom bonded to another electronegative
atom.
 Electronegative atom: fluorine, oxygen, and nitrogen
Water solute interaction
 Interaction of water with ions and ionic groups.
 Interaction of water with neutral groups possessing
hydrogen bonding capabilities (hydrophilic solutes)
 Interaction of water with non-polar substances
Interaction of water with ions and
ionic groups.
 Some ions have a net structure breaking effect (on
water)
 Some ions have a net structure building effect (on
water)
Interaction of water with
hydrophilic solutes
 Weaker than water-ion interaction and about the same
strength of water-water hydrogen bonds.
 Expected to enhance or at least not disturb the normal
structure of water
Interaction of water with non-polar
substances
 Water can weakly interact with water through dipole-
induced dipole bonds.
 The water molecules around an apolar solute become
more ordered

Oil droplet
Interaction of water with non-polar
substances
 As a result, water forms a tightly hydrogen bonded
cage (clatherate cage)
 The formation of clatherate cage is an entropy cost for
the water and means that the dissolution reaction does
not proceed.