CHAPTER 1

INTODUCTION TO EARTHQUAKE
RESISTANT DESIGN

One of the primary ways a community protects itself and its individual
citizens from potential earthquake disasters is by adopting and enforcing
a building code with appropriate
seismic design and construction requirements.
• seismic design
-

construction requirements
-
 EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT STRUCTURES

 While it is not possible to accurately predict earthquakes, measures can be

taken to reduce the devastation by constructing earthquake-resistant
structures.
 In earthquake-prone areas, buildings are now being constructed with
moorings filled with alternating layers of rubber and steel. These are called
base isolators. The rubber acts as an “earthquake absorber.” Buildings
with these types of moorings are designed to withstand a magnitude 8.3
earthquake.
 In attempts to reduce damage to
structures, engineers try to
1. Increase the natural period of the
structure through “base isolation.”
2. Install “energy dissipating devices”
to dampen the system.
3. Simple reinforcement methods used by
engineers include using large bolts to
secure buildings to their foundations,
as well as providing supporting walls,
or shear walls, made of reinforced
concrete. This can help to reduce the
rocking effect of a building during and
after a seismic event.
 EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING

- a branch of civil engineering that provides the principles and

procedures for planning, analysis and design of structures and facilities
that are capable of resisting effect of earthquakes
 IMPORTANCE OF EARTHQUAKE
ENGINEERINNG
• with this principles and techniques, societies can atleast minimized if not completely
eliminate earthquake catastrophes.
• Provides different principles and procedure for:
a. the selection of proper location of structures
b. the estimation of earthquakes force in a given time intervals
c. analysis of maximum stresses and deformation in affected structure and environment

d. improvement of soil and stabilization of natural slope

It is based on the concepts from :
• Seismology
• Geology
• Probability theory
• Geotechnical Engineering
• Structural Engineering
• Structural Dynamics
 EARTHQUAKE

• It strike w/o warning

• occur within the Earth’s crust along faults that suddenly release large
amounts of energy that have built up over long periods of time.
• Damage for inhabited areas due to natural hazard
• is manifested as ground shaking caused by the sudden released of energy in
earth crust.
 SEISMIC WAVES

- are generated when rock within the crust breaks, producing a tremendous amount
of energy. The energy released moves out in all directions as waves, much like
ripples radiating outward when you drop a pebble in a pond.
 SEISMOGRAPH

• Seismographs are stationed on the flanks of the volcano

• These record the frequency, duration and intensity of the earthquakes and
report it back to the volcano observatory.
 DAMAGING EFFECT OF EARTHQUAKES

by causing ground failure

 producing other effect that may indirect affect the structure
By shaking the ground on which the structure rest
 POSSIBLE GROUND FAILURES

• Surface Faulting
• Ground Cracking
• Ground Subsidence
• Land Slides
• Soil Liquefaction
• Earthquake Faulting- during an earthquake the side of a fault may slip relative to
one another.
• Ground Cracking- is possible when the soil at the same surface losses it’s support
and sinks or when it is transported to a different location.
• Ground Subsidence- is a phenomenon in w/c the ground surface of the sites settles
or depresses as a result of the compaction induced by the vibratory effect of the
earthquake. Involves a uniform soil deformation , usually cause only minor damage to
a building .
• Landslides – failure of a slope that are marginally stable before the earthquake and
become unstable as a result of a violent shaking generated by earthquake.

• Soil Liquefaction- soil temporary change from solid to liquid state and it’s loose.
 INDIRECT EFFECT OF EARTHQUAKE

• Tsunami
• Seiches
• Fires
• Tsunami – are large sea waves generated by a sudden depression of the ocean floor.
• Seiches- are long period oscillating waves generated by distant
earthquakes in enclosed body of water such as bays, lakes,
reservoir, and even swimming pools.
 SOURCES OF EARTHQUAKE

1.Orogenic movements such as mountain building

2. Subduction and plate convection followed by geothermal and mechanical
disturbances
3. Volcanic activity
4. Land erosion
Orogenic movements
• Orogenic movements and crust convection are mainly responsible for mountain building and
valley forming—in other words, the constant changes affecting the surface of the earth.

Subduction
As the ocean floor exerts pressure on the coastline of the continent, the leading edge of the
ocean floor is pushed under the continent, carrying down sea deposits, including the remains
of organisms
 EARTHQUAKE FORCE

• Gravity
• Wind
• Thermal
 DESIGN FOR EARTHQUAKE FORCES

• Identification of the source of earthquakes

• Determine the probable size of future earthquakes
• Orientation of seismic source with respect to structures location
• Analysis and improvement of foundation soil to asses it’s
susceptibility to earthquakes effect.
 HISORICAL BACKROUND
Robert Mallet – an Irish civil Engineer ,is often cited as the first earthquake engineer and
his report on the 1857 Naples Earthquake is consider to be the first scientific investigation
that included observation of the seismological, geological, and engineering aspect of
earthquakes.

Nobi Earthquake ( Japan in 1891)- modern earthquakes on earthquake resistant

structure began ,produce 7000 deaths : also known as Mino-Owari Earthquakes, first
proposed the used of a lateral force equal to a fraction of the total weight of a building to
account for the forces exerted on building by earthquakes.
Messina Earthquake(1908)
- in Italy this earthquakes produced 58000 deaths, lead to the opponent of a committee
composed of practicing and academic engineers to study the earthquakes and the formulation
of practical recommendation for the seismic design of buildings.
 HISTORY OF MAJOR INTERNATIONAL AND
PHILIPPINE EARTHQUAKE
• SOME OF THE PHILIPPINES’ NOTABLE EARTHQUAKE
EXPERIENCES
COTOBATO: DAMAGED BRIDGE
Unfortunately, there was no time for the Pacific Tsunami Warning
Center to issue a warning before a large local tsunami struck the
region just minutes after the earthquake,
 THE LUZON
EARTHQUAKE
M7.8
JULY 16, 1990
4:26 PM
JULY 1990, BAGUIO CITY, PHILIPPINES.
DEATHS ABOUT 5000.
• The earthquake occurred on the Philippine fault system, a well-known strike-slip fault
zone.
• The rupture produced a 125 km-long surface scarp stretching from Dingalan, Aurora
to Cuvapo, Nueva Eciia.

INTERNATIONAL HISTORY
One of the most devastating earthquakes in history occurred on 23 January 1556
in the Shaanxi province, China, killing more than 830,000 people (see 1556
Shaanxi earthquake). Most of the population in the area at the time lived in
yaodongs, artificial caves in loess cliffs, many of which collapsed during the
catastrophe with great loss of life. The 1976 Tangshan earthquake, with death toll
estimated to be between 240,000 to 655,000, is believed to be the largest
earthquake of the 20th century by death toll.
1995: JAPAN (KOBE). RICHTER SCALE: 7.2,
DEATHS: 6348, COST ($M): 200,000
2010: CHILE (MAULE REGION). RICHTER
SCALE: 8.8, DEATHS: 486
2011: JAPAN. RICHTER SCALE: 8.9. (DEATHS
& COST UNDETERMINED AT THIS TIME)
1908: ITALY (MESSINA). RICHTER SCALE: 7.5,
DEATHS: 25,926, COST: ($M) 116
THE RING OF FIRE
• "Ring of Fire" is a circular arc of active volcanoes that surrounds the Pacific Ocean
basin.
• Also known as Circum-pacific Seismic- Belt

Zones that includes Ring of Fire

1. A zone that extends from the Aleutian Islands through Alaska; the Pacifi c side of
Canada, the United States, and Mexico; Central America; the Pacifi c side of
Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru all the way down to Chile
2. A zone that goes from the Kamchatka Peninsula in Russia; through the Kuril
Islands, Japan, Taiwan, the Philippines; to New Guinea, Indonesia, and New Zealand .
“
THERE IS NO PERFECT DESIGN IN THE
WORLD EXCEPT IN GOD’S DESIGN

”
THANK YOU 🙂