SIGNALS AND

SYSTEMS
By
Siva Rama Krishna Ayaluru
What is a signal?
 Types of Signals
 Continuous
 Discrete
 Digital
Examples of Continuous Time Signals
ECG Signal
Temperature recorded over an interval of time
 Examples of Discrete Time Signals
Temperature recorded in a room every one hour

Temperature recorded in a room every one hour

 Deterministic Signals
 Random Signals
 Random Signal
Deterministic Signal

𝑥 ( 𝑡 )= 𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛 ω 𝑡
 
 Periodic Signals
 Aperiodic Signals
 Examples of Periodic and Aperiodic Signals

Periodic Signal

 𝑥 ( 𝑡 +𝑇 ) =𝑥(𝑡 )

Aperiodic Signal

𝑥 ( 𝑡 +𝑇 ) ≠ 𝑥 ( 𝑡 )
 
 Even and Odd Signals

 
Even Signal
If for all t……….. Even Signal

Example:
 Odd Signals
  If for all t………Odd Signal

 Example
 Energy and Power Signals
  
Energy Signal
 Energy of a continuous time signal

A signal is an energy signal if

 Energy is finite (
 For an energy signal average power is zero.
P=0.
 Examples of Energy Signal
  
  
Power Signal
 Average power of a continuous time signal

A signal is said to be power signal if

 Its average power
 For a power signal , Energy E=
 Examples of Power Signals
  
 Causal and non-causal Signals
  
Causal Signals
 A signal is causal if
 for …….continuous time
 for ….....discrete time

 Examples:
  
Non-causal Signals
 A signal is non-causal if
 for …….continuous time
 for ….....discrete time

 Examples:
 Systems
 What is a system?

  𝑦 ( 𝑡 )=𝑇 [ 𝑥 ( 𝑡 ) ]
 Types of Systems
 Continuous time and discrete time systems
 Lumped parameter and distributed parameter
systems
 Static and Dynamic Systems
 Causal and non-causal systems
 Linear and non-linear systems
 Time-invariant and time-variant systems
 Stable and unstable systems
  Static System or Memoryless System

 Examples
  Dynamic System or System with memory

 Examples
  Causal System

 Examples
  Non-causal System

 Examples
 Linear Systems
   system is linear if it satisfies additivity and
A
homogenity.

 Additive System:
 If and

then the system is said to be additive.

  Homogenous System
 If
⇒
then the system is said to be homogenous.

Examples of Linear Systems:

 Time-invariant Systems

𝑦 ( 𝑡 −𝑇 )=𝑇 [𝑥 ( 𝑡 −𝑇 ) ]
 
  If then it is Time-variant system.

 Examples of Time-invariant System

 Examples of Time-variant System

 Stable and Unstable Systems
 Stable System

𝑥 ( 𝑡 ) < 𝑀 𝑥 <∞ ⇒ 𝑦 ( 𝑡 ) < 𝑀 𝑦 <∞

 
 Unstable System

 𝑥 ( 𝑡 ) < 𝑀 𝑥 <∞ ⇒ 𝑦 (𝑡 )≮ ∞