VECTOR

OPERATION IN
ANALYTICAL AND
GRAPHICAL
METHOD
 SCALAR AND VECTOR
QUANTITIES

 Scalar Quantities
 A scalar quantity is defined as a quantity that has magnitude
only.
 Examples:
 Time

 speed
 temperature
 volume
 density
 mass, and
 energy
 Vector Quantities
 A vector quantity is defined as a quantity that has both
magnitude and direction.  
  Direction indicates how the vector is oriented relative to
some reference axis
 Vector diagrams
 are diagrams which depict the direction and relative
magnitude of a vector quantity by a vector arrow.
 Vector
 a line that represents a vector quantity.
 Vector Aa

A a
Origin or Tail Terminus or
Head
 Direction and sense
a
135 °

A
 Addition
Vector of vectors
Addition (Graphical &Mathematical method)
 Parallel vectors behave like numbers on a number
line.
 Add the magnitudes of vectors in the same direction.
 Subtract the magnitudes of vectors in opposite directions.
 Example:

8 km (east) 6 km (east) 14 km (east)

+ =

Resultant = 14 km (east)

0 x (km)
8 km 6 km East
8 km (east) 6 km (West) 2 km (east)
+ =

Resultant = 2 km (east)
6 km

0 x (km)
8 km 6 km East
 Orthogonal/ Perpendicular
 Vectors behave like points on a coordinate plane.
y (km)
North
8 Resultant, D
R DR  D12  D22
6
4 D2
D1 x (km)
West 0
2 2 4 6 8 10 East

South
Non-parallel vectors
 Commutative law:
 A B = B A

B B
A A
 Parallelogram Rule

A B

A
R

B
 Head-to-tail Rule

A B

A
R

B
Addition of multiple vectors

 Head-to-tail Rule V1


 V1
 V3

V1 V2
 
V2 VR

V3
 Associative law

V1  (V2  V3 )  (V1  V2 )  V3
Subtraction of vectors

 The negative of a vector

A -A

 The equation:
   
A  B  A  ( B)

A  B  A  ( B )
Resolution and composition of vectors

 Vector composition
 the process of obtaining resultant of any

given vectors.
 Vector resolution

 The process of obtaining components of any

given vector.
 Vector Composition

R R
 Vector Resolution

R R
Adding Vectors by Components

 Any vector can be expressed as the sum of

two other vectors, which are called its
components. Usually the other vectors are
chosen so that they are perpendicular to each
other.
. If the
components
are
perpendicular
, they can be
found using
trigonometric
functions.
y

v v2
ϴ

v1
x
 The components are effectively one-dimensional,
so they can be added arithmetically:
   2  2  2
V  V1  V2 V2  V2 x  V2 y
2  2  2   
V  Vx  V y Vx  V1x  V2 x
2  2  2   
V1  V1x  V1 y V y  V1 y  V2 y

The resultant can be obtained also using cosine law.

2 2  2 
V  V1  V2  2V1V2 cos 
 END OF
CHAPTER
MOTION
 Motion
 Change in position

 Absolute motion
 Motion referred to a fixed body
 Motion relative to earth

 Relative motion
 Motion referred to a moving body
 Motion includes the following:
 Displacement
 Velocity
 Acceleration

 Types of motion
 Uniform motion
 Variable motion

 Harmonic motion
 Uniform motion: constant velocity

v v

s
t

S=vt
 In differential form:
ds
v
dt
2
dv d  ds  d s
a    2
dt dt  dt  dt
 Variable motion:
 Uniformly varying motion: Constant acceleration
a a
vo vf
S, t

vf = vo +at
Vave = (vf + vo )/2= vo + 1/2at

S = vave t = (vo + 1/2at )t = vot + 1/2at2

  Other useful equations:
(vf – vo)/t = a
vf 2– vo2 = 2aS
 Variable acceleration
 Mathematical solution:
v 2   ads

 Graphical solution
 Graphical differentiation
 Graphical integration
 Harmonic motion
 A type of motion at which the acceleration varies
directly as the displacement.

ω
s ϴ
P C B
cos   ( R  S ) / R
S  R( 1  cos  )
VP  ds / dt
  t
S  R( 1  cos t )
V p  ds / dt  R sin t  R sin 
Ap  dv / dt   2 R cos 