oProportions

o A proportion is basically equality of two

ratios.
o ½ = 2/4
o1:2=2:4
o A:B = C:D
o Mathematical Notation
o A:B :: C:D
o A is to B is same as C is to D.
o OR
o A, B, C, D are in proportion.
•A : B :: C : D
– External Elements on both sides are known as EXTREMES.
• A & D = Extremes
– Internal Elements on both sides are called MEANS.
• B & C = Means

• Important Property of Proportions

– The product of extremes is equal to the product of means.
• Basically, A*D = B*C
• Now, how did it come?
• A/B = C/D
• Cross multiplication
• AD = BC.
Product of Extremes and Product of Means

• 2 : 3 :: 4 : 6
• 2/3 = 4/6
• Cross multiplication
• 2 * 6 = 3 *4
• 12 = 12
• Hence, product of extremes is equal to
product of means.
• First, Second, Third and Fourth
Proportion
 Can we make three elements 1,2,4 into
proportion?
• 1, 2, 4
• ½ = X/4
• ½ = 2/4
• ½ = 2/4
• How are we going to read it?
• 1, 2, 2, 4 are in proportion. Wrong.
• The right way is following
• 1, 2, 4 are in continued proportion.
o 1, 2, 4 => A, B, C
oA = first proportion
oB = Mean proportion
oC = third proportion.
o In mathematical representation, it is
written as following
o A/B = B/C
oA : B = B : C
• Find the mean proportion of 81 and
36.
• Find the third proportion of 12.5
and 25.
• Find the fourth proportion of 0.12,
0.21 & 8.
•If 0.75 : X :: 5 : 8,
then X is equal to?
o If 0.75 : X :: 5 : 8, then X is equal to?

o Product of Ext. = Product of Means

o 0.75 * 8 = 5X
o 5x = 6
o X = 6/5
o X = 1.2
•Find the fourth
proportion of 12,16
& 18.
•  Find the fourth proportion of 12,16 &
18.
• Recall A.D = B.C
• Now, suppose the 4th proportion is X
• 12:16::18:X
• Calculating AD = BC
• 12X = 16*18
• X=
• X = 24.
•Find the third
proportion of 18 &
36.
•  Find the third proportion of 18 & 36.
• Converting into proportional form
• 18 : 36 :: 36 : X
• Using AD = BC
• 18X = 36 * 36
• X=
• X = 72
• DO IT YOURSELF!
• Find the third proportion of 0.8 & 0.2.
• Find the 4th proportion of 12, 21 & 8.
• Find the mean proportion of 1/16 &
1/25.
• Find the second proportion of 4 & 9.
• An alloy is to contain copper & zinc in
the ratio of 9:4. The zinc required to be
melted with 24kg of copper is?
•  
Find the third proportion of 0.8 & 0.2.
• Ans: X = 0.05
• 0.8:0.2::0.2:X
• 0.8X = 0.2*0.2
• X = 0.2*0.2 / 0.8
• X=

• Find the 4th proportion of 12, 21 & 8

• Ans: X = 14.
• Find
  the second proportion of 4,9.
– Mean Proportion = Geometric mean = 2nd proportion.
• Sol, 4 X 9
• Putting into Proportional method,
• 4 : X :: X : 9
• Using AD = BC  Note
Geometric Mean
• 4*9 =
• 36 = Find the
Geometric Mean
of 4, 9

• 6=X 2*3
6
• An alloy is to contain
copper & zinc in the ratio
of 9:4. The zinc required to
be melted with 24kg of
copper is?
• C:Z=9:4
• 24 : Z :: 9 : 4

• Product of Extremes = Product of Means

– 9x = 24 * 4
– 3x = 8 * 4
– 3x = 32
– X = 32/3
– X = 10.66
• In a school, 10% of boys
are the same as 1/4th of
the girls. What is the
ratio of boys to the girls
in that school?
• 10% of B = 1/4 of G
• (10/100)B = ¼G
• (1/10)B = ¼ G
• B/G = 10/4
• B/G = 5/2
• B:G :: 5:2
•Home Practice
•
• Checking
 
• 6:7 :: 15:17
• AD = BC
• 6*17 = 7*15
• Sol,
 
• Suppose X be the number that makes the
resulting number proportional.
• Now,
• Cross multiplication
• 102 + 6x + 17x + = 105 + 7x + 15x +
• 102 + 23x = 105 + 22x
• X = 3.
• Thus, 3 is the number when added to 6,7,15,17
the resulting number becomes proportional.
Proportion
oFor Two Variables
oDirect Proportion:
oIndirect multiplication
oIndirect Proportion
oDirect Multiplication
• Flour sugar
• 5 2
• 8 X
• Direct Proportion = Indirect
Multiplication
• 5x = 16
• X = 16/5
• X = 3.2
• Q2 - 6 men work for 12days to finish a task. If
two more men are added, then the task will
be finished in how many days?
Men Days
6 12
8 x

I.P = D.M

6 * 12 = 8X

6 * 3 = 2X

3*3=X

9=X
• Q1 - 20 pens cost 200
rupees, what will be the
cost of 35 pens?
Sugar Boiling Water
2 2/3 (0.66)
X 2

DP = IM

4 = (2/3)X
2 = (1/3)X
6=X
• Kids Gallons of Juice
• 100 8
• 175 X

• D.P = I.M

• 100X = 8 * 175
• 4X = 8 * 7
• X=2*7
• X = 14
•o  Inches Miles
o 3/8 25
o X (since = 21/8)

o DP = IM

o 3X = 25 * 21
o X = 25 * 7
o X = 175
oTagged Rabbits Total Rabbits
o6 2000
o900 X
oD.P = I.M
o6x = 2000 * 900
oX = 1000 * 300
o300,000
•Practice Questions
• 79.74
• 171.24
• 63 Euros
•Class Practice
• Q3 – A camp has a 30day
stock for 900 individuals. If
150 people left the camp,
then the same stock will
be sufficient for how many
days?
• Individuals Days Stock
• 900 30
• 750 X
• IP = DM
• 900 * 30 = 750X
• 90 * 30 = 75X
• 6 * 30 = 5x
• 6*6=X
• X = 36
• A group of 120 men had
food provisions for
200days. After 5 days, 30
men left. How long the
remaining food will last?
• Men Days
• 120 200
• 90 X
• 120 195 (since 200-5)
• I.P = DM
• 120 * 195 = 90X
• 4 * 195 = 3X
• 4 * 65 = X
• 260 days.
• A garrison of 500 men had
provisions for 27 days. After 3
days a reinforcement of 300
men arrived. For how many
more days will the remaining
food last now?
• Men Days
• 500 27
• 800 X
• 500 24 (since 27-3)
• IP = DM
• 800X = 500 * 24
• 8X = 5 *24
• X=5*3
• X = 15
• Thus, 15 days.
• Q4 – A fort had enough
food for 80 men for
60days. For how long the
food would last if 20 more
persons joined after
15days?
• Men Days Food
• 80 60
• 100 X
• 80 45 (since 60-15)
• IP = DM
• 100X = 80 * 45
• 5X = 4 * 45
• X=4*9
• X = 36

• Now for 15 days,

• 36 + 15
• 51
• Thus, the food will last in total for 51 days.
• https://
doubtnut.com/question/11-there-was-60-day
s-food-for-80-soldiers-in-a-fort-15-days-later-i
n-that-fort20-soldiers-and-came-t-9465362

• https://books.google.com.pk/books?id=vi8rD
AAAQBAJ&pg=PA484&lpg=PA484&dq=A+fort+
had+enough+food+for+80+men+for+60days.+
How+long+the+food+will+last+if+20+more+pe
rsons+joined+after+15days&source=bl&ots=rZ
Jb6gUPvI&sig=ACfU3U2HoOlNKJSciRUH7veZp
hEE04hVvg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj8tM
bO35LqAhWByqQKHXzTCKMQ6AEwA3oECAg
Proportion Question
with three variables
• Direct Proportion
• A/B as it is
• Indirect Proportion
• B/A
•o   Men Salary No. of Days
o A 6 8000 10
o B 15 X 20
o Note
o Men & Salary =>Direct Proportion = A/B
o Days & Salary => Direct Proportion = A/B

o X = 40000
•   Men No. of Days Toys
oA 6 10 80
o B 15 X 200
o Note
o Men & Days => Indirect Proportion = B/A
o Days & Toys => Direct Proportion = A/B

o Mathematical Calculation

o X = 10
If 6 workers earn
10800PKR in 20days,
then how much will 20
workers earn in 8 days?
•   Workers Amount Days
• A 6 10800 20
• B 20 X 8
• M.C

• 10800 * 8 = 6X
• 1800 * 8 = X
• 14400PKR = X
• If 6 workers can build 4
cars in 2 days, then how
many days would it take
8 workers to build 6
cars?
•   WD C
• A6 2 4
• B 8 X 6
• MC

• 36*2 = 8*4*X
• 9*2 = 8X
• 9 = 4X
• X = 9/4 days.
• 15 robots can make a train in
6 days working 5 hours a day.
In how many days will 25
robots, working 6 hours a day
complete the same work?
•   Robots Days Hours
• A 15 6 5
• B 25 x 6

• MC

• X*25*6 = 6*15*5
• X*25 = 15*5
• 5X = 15
• X=3
•WORK & TIME
• Rule of Flip
o Work done in one day:
oWork done by A
o1/A
oWork done by B
o1/B
oWork done by Both in one day
o1/A + 1/B
oB+A/AB
• If Iqbal can do a work in 10
days and Wasim can do same
work in 12 days, then the
whole work done by both will
be completed in how many
days?
o Using rule of Flip to know 1 day’s work of Iqbal and
Wasim

o 1/10 + 1/12

o (6 + 5)/60

o 11/60

o Again using Rule of Flip to calculate the total no. of

Days
o 60/11 days
o 5 (5/11)
• A  & B = 4days
• A = 12days
• Meaning

• Again using rule of flip,

• B = 6 days
•o  A is twice the workman of B
oB = 1 piece of cake
oA = 2 pieces of cake
oTotal piece of Cake = 3
oSo, technically
oB =
oA =
•  Using rule of flip

• Now, using A = to calculate A’s one day work.

• A= *
• A = 1/27
• Using rule of flip to calculate the time A required to
complete the job alone.
• A = 27days.
 Negative Work
Iqbal and Hunain are working to build a wall while
Bilal is working to break the wall. In such a case, the
wall is being built while simultaneously it is being
broken down by Bilal.

Here, we consider that the first two are doing positive

work. On the other hand, the third one is doing a
negative work.

A can build a wall in 10 days and B can build it in 5

days. However, C can destroy the wall completely in 20
days.
•  

o Using rule of flip

o 4 days
 A = 12days & A’s one day work = 1/12
o B is 60% more efficient than A.
o B = (160/100)A
o B = (16/10)A
o B = (8/5)A
o 5/8 = A/B
o A:B = 5:8
o Now comparing,
o 5 = 1/12th
o8=X
o Cross Multiplication
o 5X = 8/12
o 5X = 2/3
o X = 2/15
o Rule of Flip: B = 15/2 = 7.5days
•
• A = 6days & A = 1/6th
 
• B = 8days & B = 1/8th
• C=?
• A, B & C = 3days & ABC = 1/3th

• First task, find C

– 1/A + 1/B + 1/C = 1/ABC

– 1/6 + 1/8 + 1/C = 1/3

– 1/C = 1/3 – 1/6 – 1/8

– 1/C =

– 1/C = 1/24

– C = 24days.
• Second task, finding the share of each
• 1/6 : 1/8 : 1/24
• Simplifying the ratios
• (1/6) * 24 : (1/8) * 24 : (1/24) * 24
• 4:3:1
• Now, actual distribution of share
• A = (4/8) * 600 = 300
• B = (3/8) * 600 = 225
• C = (1/8) * 600 = 75
- A & B can complete a specific work in 3 days.
They started and worked for days together
and on the third day B left. Consequently, it
took two more days to complete the
remaining work. Then, in how may days, A
alone can complete the work?
• (A+B)'s one day's work = 1/3

• (A+B) works 2 days together = (1/3) * 2 = 2/3

• Remaining work = 1−2/3 = 1/3

• 1/3rd of work is completed by A = 2 days.

• 1 work completed by A = 2 * 3 = 6 days
– Meaning, 2days + 2 days + 2days

• Thus, A can take 6 days to complete the task alone.

- A & B can complete a specific work in 3 days.
They started and worked for days together and
on the third day B left. Consequently, it took
two more days to complete the remaining
work. Then, in how may days, B alone can
complete the work?
- (A & B)’s work = 3 days
- (A & B)’s one day work: 1/3
- (A&B)’s two day work = 2/3
- Remaining Work: 1 – 2/3 = 1/3

• 1/3rd part of work is completed by A = 2 days.

• 1 work completed by A = 2 * 3 = 6 days
– Meaning, 2days + 2 days + 2days

- Now, we know that A’s one day work is 1/6.

- Then,
- A + B = (A+B)
- 1/6 + 1/X = 1/3
- 1/X = 1/3 – 1/6
- 1/X = 1/6
- Thus, B = 6 days
- If A & B can complete a specific work in 15
days and B alone can complete it in 20days.
Then, in how many days A alone can complete
this work?
• One day Work
– A = 1/A
– B = 1/20
– A+B = 1/15
• Now,

– 1/A + 1/B = 1/A+B

– 1/A + 1/20 = 1/15
– 1/A = 1/15 – 1/20
– 1/A = 4-3/60
– 1/A = 1/60

• Thus, A takes 60days to complete the task.

- If A & B together can complete a specific
work in 18 days; A & C can complete it in 12
days, and B & C can complete it in 9 days.
Then, B alone can do it in how many days?
•• One
  Day Work of all three
– A+B = 1/18 …..(1)
– A+C = 1/12 …..(2)
– B+C = 1/9 …….(3)

• Adding 1, 2 & 3

– (A+B) + (A+C) + (B+C) = 1/18 + 1/12 + 1/9

– 2A + 2B + 2C =
– 2 (A+B+C) = 9/36
– 2 (A+B+C) = ¼
– A+B+C = 1/8

• So, A+B+C)’s one day work = 1/8th

•  
Now, finding B’s work
• A+B+C = 1/8
• B = 1/8 – (A+C)
• B = 1/8 – 1/12
• B=
• B’s one day work = 1/24
• Hence, B takes 24 days to complete the task.