SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY

AND SOCIETY
HISTOR
Y
 GRAVITY
•First dicovered by Isaac Newton in the year 1687.
•Newton's Universal Law of Gravitation explains that every particle attracts
every other particle in the universe is determined by their mass and their
distance.
•GRAVITY- an invisible force that pulls objects towards each other. It is an
attraction that exist between all objects, everywhere in the universe.
•What made Newton discovered the gravity?
-It started when Newton saw an apple falling from the tree that hits in his
head.
-He said that there is something mysterious force that pulls the object to the
ground.
-Everything he throw eventually goes down to the ground.
•Newton made a research by the use oh his own made telescope, he observe
the movements of the planets, and asked "What could it be that kept the
planets in their elliptical orbits?"
So many Natural Philosophies/Scientist discussed various models which might
explain the phenomenon.

Edmund Halley- he had been trying to formulate a theory of planetary

motion but like other scientist the solution escaped him too.

•Year 1684 he Visited Cambridge and met Isaac Newton

•Halley assumed that 'there must be some central force keeping the
planets in their orbits'
 •When Newton is still a student, he considered the problema and come up
with mathematical proof of this force.
•He made the "Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica" or "The
Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy" but then, never published.
•Until, Halley encourage Newton to published his theory in a major scientific
publication and so, Newton agreed.

•The work of Newton, also includes the 3 laws of motion.

•The “forever falling” motion describes the movement of the Moon around the
Earth, and the Earth around the Sun.
•He used moon as an example. The moon stayed into its elliptical orbit if the
earth is attached to it.
•Thus, there is Centrifugal force that ensures the moon does not crash into the
earth.
•Newtom called it. "Gravitation".
 •When you throw an apple and the feather in the air, it falls vertically to the
earth. Apple will first to go down, the only reason for this, it is because
feather is so light so it will float in the air before falls.
•Newton believes that gravity is a force. Space and time is a different thing.
•Albert Einsten revolutionized the views of people about the universe.
•Year 1915 when Einstein published his book about the "Theory of Relativity"
in which the universe was observed yo be static and fixed.
•Einstein believed that gravity is not a force but it is actually a space-time
warp, meaning the gravity bends space-time.
•Einstein work not only on the material bodies but even on electromagnetic
waves including light.
•Einstein theory confirmed just a year after publication.
•Einstein theory provides the curvature of space-time. We use mass of an object
to calculate its effects or space-time to find out geometry.
•Einstein theory of relativity is more comlex but is more accurate and can
explain kore observable phenomena.
 TELESCOPE
-The telescope has undergone an enormous transformation since it was first developed in
the 17th Century. Some of the greatest minds from Galileo Galilei to Sir Isaac Newton to the
great Edwin Hubble would all contribute, over time, to the development of some of the
most advanced scientific pieces of equipment ever devised by man.
-The telescope was first patented in 1608
Dutch eyeglass maker Hans Lippershey (or Lipperhey) is widely credited as the first
person to patent a telescope in 1608. His device, called a kijker ("looker"), was, according
to Hans, able to magnify an image up to three times.
-It consisted of a concave eyepiece that was aligned with another convex objective lens.
According to legend, he conceived of the idea when seeing two children holding up two
lenses that appeared to make a distant weather vane appear closer.

Telescope Timeline:
1609 - Galileo used his telescope to peer into the cosmos
1611 - The Keplerian telescope was devised
1655 - Christian Huygens uses his DIY telescope to find Titan
1668 - Isaac Newton built the first reflecting telescope
1729 - Chester Hall solves the color distortion issue with refracting telescope
1789 - The first gigantic telescope is built
1800 - Rise of the giant telescopes
1897 - The Yerkes Observatory, Wisconsin pushed the limit
1937 - The Radio Telescope is Born
1957 - Lovell's telescope takes radio telescopes to a whole new level
1990 - Hubble Space Telescope
1991 - The Compton Gamma Ray Observatory was a game-changer
1977 - The W. M. Keck Observatory is the world's second-largest telescope
2009 - The Herschel Space Observatory was the largest infrared telescope ever sent into
space
2018 - The James Webb Space Telescope will replace the aging Hubble Telescope.
PROCESSED FOOD
 THE HISTORY OF PROCESSED FOOD STARTED SO MANY YEARS AGO.
IT ACTUALLY
STARTED BEFORE 10000 BC.
 FAST FORWARD, BEFOR THERE ARE ONLY FOUR WAYS TO PRESERVE
FOOD AND
NAPOLEON BONAPARTE OFFERED 15,000 FRANCS TO ANYONE WHO
CAN INVENT NEW
WAY OF PRESERVING FOOD.
 NICHOLAS APPERT ACCEPTED THE CHALLENGE AND INVENTED THE
FIFTH, IT IS
PRESERVING FOOD WITH GLASS AND HEAT. IN PART OF THIS, YEAR
LATER CANNING WAS INVENTED.
 FAST FORWARD, IN 1941, FOOD LAB WITH THREE WORKERS MADE
A RATION FRO
SOLDIERS BUT IT ENDED UP SPOILED. IN 1945, THAT FOOD LAB
EXPAND AND HIRED 300
MORE PEOPLE AND STUDIED HOW TO PRESERVE FOOD FOR A LONG
PERIOD OF TIME
AND THAT MARKS AS ANG EPITOMY OF MODERN PROCESSED FOOD.
 THE MAIN IDEA THAT PROCESSED FOO IS INVENTED TO MAKE IT
EASIER FOR THE
SOLDIER TO CARRY THE FOOD IN TH WAR WITH THEIR NEEDED
NUTRIENTS IN IT.
 TODAY, THERE IS A LOT OF PROCESSED FOO IN THE MARKET THAT
CAN BE BOUGHT AND
CARRY IN EASIER WAY.
MICROSCOPE
HISTORY
MICROSCOPE
An instruments that is used to
magnify small objects
HISTORY TIMELINE OF MICROSC
NIMRUD LENS / LAYARD LENS
710 BC
READING STONE
A piece of
crystal
1000 AD
may have
been used
as
magnifyin
g glass or
a burning
glass 1021 AD
FIRST EYE GLASSESS
BOOK OF OPTICS
1284
SALVINO D’ AMARTE
 EARLY MICROSCOPE
ZACHARIAS JANSSE COMPOUND MICROSCOPE
1590
AND HANS

1609 GAILLEO GALILEI

Place multiple lenses in a tube. They

observed that viewed objects in front of
the tube appear greatly enlarged.

FIRST USE OF TERM “CELLS”

162
ROBERT HOOKE 5 LIVING CELL FIRST SEEN
MICROGRAPHIA ANTONIE VAN LEEUWENHOEK
He coins the terms “cells”
when describing tissue. 167 He is the first
He uses a simple, single 6 to describe cell
lens microscope and bacteria
illuminated by a candle UNTIL PRESENT TIME
INDUSTRIAL EVOLUTION
 RADIO

Radio Brief history

-Started in 1873 by James Clerk Maxwell
-In 1888 Heinrich Herzt demonstrated Maxwell's theory
-In 1892 Nikola Tesla used Maxwell's mathematic finding to demonstrate the sending and
receiving of radio frequency energy
-first wireless transmitter in 1896
-world's first transatlantic radio communication service

-The next revolution in radio technology was the invention of the spark-gap transmitter
-crystal radio sets
-A.M stands for amplitude modulation but the problem is that Am radio is medium range
and is prone to be blocked by urban structure
-In 1933 Edwin H. Armstrong invented FM radio
-Transistor radio
 RADIO

*Radio in scientific development

- In 1837, Samuel Morse patented his electric telegraph
- 1864, James Clerk Maxwell, began thinking about electromagnetic waves and distance.
- Italian scientist Guglielmo Marconi began using the telegraph

- Marconi won the Nobel Prize for his work in 1909, and remains known as the
“Father of Radio.”
-In 1906, the first human voice and music recording was sent by Canadian
physicist Reginald Fessenden
- By 1907, scientists had successfully amplified radio signals.
-By 1920's America entered what came to be known as the"Golden Age of
Radio"
BENZENE RING

-Benzene is considered as one of the fundamental structures in organic

chemistry. Benzene has several applications in the manufacturing industry.
However, the structure benzene attracted lot of attention when it was first
discovered in the 19th century.

-Michael Faraday was the scientist who first discovered benzene ring in the
year 1825.

-Eilhard Mitscherlich was the scientist who named it benzene in 1833. He

had distilled this compound from gum benzoin. Benzene gained widespread
importance in the paint industry as it could easily remove paint stains from
the surfaces of metals
-The word “ Benzene” derives from “gum benzoin” (benzoi resin), an
aromatic resin known to European pharmacist and perfumers since the 16th
century as a preduct of southeast Asia. An acidic material was derived from
benzoin by sublimation, and named “ Flowers of Benzoin”.

- The hydrocarbon that we now call Benzene was firts isolated in 1825 by Michael
Faraday from an oily firm that deposited from gas used for lighting.

What is the importance of benzene due tits structure?

-Benzene is used in the manufacture of chemicals used in industrial

processes that create resins, adhesives and plstics.

Formula of Benzene ring:

C6H6
 LARGE HALDRON COLLIDER

-T he Large HaLDRON cOLLIDER ( LHC) story began in 1976 when the

European
particle physics community began to discucc a large Electron position ( LEP)
“Collider” at CERN. LEP was, ofcourse, eventually bulilt and installed in 27km
tunnel which today houses the LHC.

- The Large hadron collider ( LHC) is the worlds largest and highest particle
collider and the largest machine in the world.

- It was built by the “ European organization for nuclear research”

- One of the biggest achievements of the Large Hadron Collider wthe

discovery of the Higgs boson oarticle. Here, an artist's conception of the
higgs field, which permeates the universe; when fundamentally particles
interact with this field.
What is the purpose of the Large Hadron Collider?

- The aim of the LHC's detectors is to allow physicist to test the predictions
of different theories of particle physics, including measuring the
properties of the Higgs boson and searching for the large family of new
particles predicted by supersymmetric theories, as well as other unsolved
questions of physics.

What did we learn from CERN?

- The most significant discovery to come from the LHC so far is the
discovery of the Higgs boson on July 4, 2012. The announcement was
made at CERN and captivated a worlwide audience.
 GUNS
-Guns nearly made technical expertise an afterthought on the battlefield,
changed the faces of armies and prompted an era of combat at reduced cost.
It all started in China, where gunpowder was first created.

-In the ninth century, alchemists blended charcoal, saltpeter and sulfur into a
powder called huo yao, which was used to treat skin infections.

-Armies quickly learned the powder could be used in bombs, mines and
other weapons.

-Gunpowder was transported to Europe in the 13th century, likely over the
Silk Road trade routes through central Asia.

-Historians typically recognize Chinese fire lances, which were invented in

the 10th century, as the first guns. These bamboo or metal tubes projected
flames and shrapnel at their targets.
INTERNET
* Internet Brief history
- In 1962 a scientist named JCR Licklider proposed the idea of the network of computers that
could talk to one another.
-In 1969 the first-ever message was sent from one computer to another over the ARPANET the
government’s computer network at the time.
-In 1971 the University of Hawaii’s Aloha net was added followed by various network from
London in Norway two years later.

- Ray Tomlinson was developing the first system to send back and forth between the users of
the ARPANET, this would eventually called electronic mail or e-mail for short the “@” symbol

-Vinton Cerf invented the “Transmission control protocol (TCP)” which followed by “Internet
protocol (IP)”.

-In 1991 computer programmer named Tim beners-lee invented the world wide web.In 1992
Erwise was created.

-In 1993 Mosaic were created and it was popularize surfing the web.Netscape Navigator in
1994 that became most popular web browser at the time.
- Dial-up connection is one of the first forms of internet service.
Contributions in scientific development

- The Internet has revolutionized the computer and communications world

like nothing before. The invention of the telegraph, telephone, radio, and
computer set the stage for this unprecedented integration of capabilities.
 CELLPHONES
 THE BEGINNING OF THE CONCEPT OF CELLPHONE STARTED YEAR 1918, WHEN A
GERMAN RAIL ROAD OPERATORS BEGAN TO TEST WIRELESS TELEPHONE IN THEIR
TRAINS.

 THEN PEOPLE BEFORE WITH LIMITED KNOWLEDGE ABOUT TECHNOLOGY STARTED

THINKING TO CREATE A DEVICE THAT CAN MAKE COMMNICATION MUCH EASIER,

 ON 1973, ENGINEER OF MOTOROLA PRODUCED THE WORKING PROTOTYPE OF THE

FIRST CELLPHONE. TEN YEARS LATER IT WAS RELEASED TO THE MARKET

 1983, WHEN DYNATAC MOTOROLA WAS RELEASED TO THE PUBLICMARKET

 MARTY COOPER IS THE FIRST PERSON IN THE HISTORY THAT PLACE A CELLPHONE CALL.

 YEARS LATER UP UNTIL NOW, THE INNOVATION OF CELLPHONE HAS BEEN EVIDENT.
PEOPLE TAKE CELLPHONE AS THEIR MOST IMPORTANT ACCESSORY.

 FUN FACT! DID YOU KNOW THAT THE FIRST IMPLANTED CELLPHONE BELIEVED TO BE
RELEASED ON PUBLIC ON 2024?
 ADVOCACY

“CONSERVE WHAT WE CANNOT RESTORE AND PRIORITIZE MOTHER NATURE

OVER MONEY”

WE STRONGLY BELIEVED THAT PEOPLE LIVING IN THE MODERN WORLD TODAY

WERE
BLINDED BY THE POWER OF MONEY. THEY CAN DO WHATEVER IT TAKES TO FOR
THE
SAKE OF MONEY. DESTROYING ENVIRONMENT TO SATISFY THEIR OWN DESIRES.
BENEFITS OF OUR ADVOCACY:
AIR
-LESSEN THE RISK OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES
-REDUCING AIR POLLUTION
-HEALING OF THE OZONE LAYER
-INCREASE THE AMOUNT OF FRESH AIR IN THE ATMOSPHERE
-IT HELPSTO PREVENT CLIMATE CHANGE.

LAND
-INCREASE OF HAVING HEALTHY SOIL FOR PLANTING
-REDUCE THE RISK OF LANDSLIDE
-PREVENTS FLOODING
-PRESERVE OPEN AND GREEN SPACES
- SUSTAIN THE PRODUCTION OF FOODS
PREVENT SOIL EROSION AND CLIMATE CHANGE
BIODIVERSITY

-PROTECTS THE FOOD CHAIN

-PROVIDES NATURAL NEEDS
-CONSERVE THE BIODIVERSITY
-PROTECT THE FOREST
-SUSTAIN LIFE OF OTHER SPECIES

PEOPLE
- CAN GIVE US A HEALTHY LIFE
- WE CAN EASILY FIND FOODS
- AVOID US FROM RISKY LIFE
- WE CAN HAVE A LONGER AND HAPPY LIFE LIVING.