STS031 BSCE-1 October 14,

2023

ASSIGNMENT # 5
Discoveries and Contributions in Scientific Development

Instructions: Research and read about the invention or discovery of the things stated below, and
state their contributions in our scientific development.

1. Gravity
In 1666, Isaac Newton, an English mathematician and physicist, discovered gravity. It all
started when he observed an apple falling straight down instead of sideways or upward, which
led to the formulation of the gravitational theory.
The discovery of gravity was significant in many ways. It established that the falling
motion observed on Earth is the same as the Moon's and other celestial bodies. It also explains
astronomical observations such as Kepler's law, which states that planets revolve around the
sun. Moreover, the observation and explanation of ocean tides were made possible through the
discovery of gravity. Finally, the formation of stars and planets was explained through the
gravitational forces that bind matter together.

2. Telescope
The first telescopes were invented in the Netherlands in 1608 by a group of spectacle
makers like Hans Lippershey, Zacharias Janssen, and Jacob Metius. A year later, in 1609,
Galileo Galilei improved upon the design and created refracting telescopes that offered
increasingly higher magnification, both for his personal use and to present to his patrons.
The invention of the telescope has had an immeasurable impact on the field of science,
allowing us to better comprehend the mysteries of the universe. Telescopes have proven to be
an invaluable tool for astronomers, enabling them to observe celestial objects that are beyond
the reach of the naked eye. Through the use of telescopes, scientists have been able to study
the composition, structure, and movements of celestial bodies.

3. Processed food
Processed foods were first introduced in the late 18th and 19th centuries to cater to
military needs. The hermetic bottling technique was invented in 1809, which influenced future
processing and preservation techniques such as tinning and canning. In 1864, pasteurization
was discovered by Louis Pasteur, which improved the quality and safety of processed food and
introduced better preservation methods.
Processed foods have contributed to food security by making it easier for people to
acquire goods that are easy to prepare, affordable, and widely available. They have also
contributed to nutritional security by ensuring that food quality meets human nutrient needs.
Furthermore, the discovery of processed foods has driven scientists and companies to
continuously develop advanced processing and packaging techniques to improve their quality,
safety, and nutritional value.
4. Microscope
The first microscope was invented in 1590 by Hans and Zacharias Janssen. In 1667,
Robert Hooke improved its design, and in 1675, Anton van Leeuwenhoek created a high-
powered single-lens microscope, which he used to observe bacteria.
Microscopes have remarkably contributed to numerous fields of science, medicine, and
research. They allow us to study minute objects beyond what is visible to the naked eye, helping
us make new discoveries, develop solutions to diseases, and prompt further research, all of
which contribute to the scientific development of society.

5. Benzene Ring
Benzene was first discovered by Michael Faraday, an English scientist, in 1825 while
studying illuminating gas. In 1834, Eilhardt Mitscherlich produced benzene by heating benzoic
acid with lime, while A.W. von Hofmann isolated benzene from coal tar in 1845. In 1865,
German chemist August Kekulé proposed a hexagonal ring structure of six tetravalent carbon
atoms with alternating single and double bonds after dreaming of a snake eating its own tail,
which visualized the ring structure of benzene.
Benzene is widely used in the synthesis of various chemicals, including medicines,
plastics, oil, synthetic rubber, and dyes. Its ring structure, with its unique properties, has been
crucial in advancing scientific discoveries and continues to aid scientists and professionals in
this field.

6. Large Hadron Collider

The Large Hadron Collider, built by the European Organization for Nuclear Research
(CERN) between 1998 and 2008, is the world's largest and highest-energy particle collider. It
was developed in partnership with over 10,000 scientists, hundreds of universities, and
laboratories from more than 100 countries.
Since its invention, the Large Hadron Collider has contributed significantly to discovering
and unfolding concepts and theories related to physics. In 2012, CERN scientists announced
that they had discovered the Higgs boson, the particle that carries the Higgs field. This field,
which permeates space, endows all elementary subatomic particles with mass through its
interactions with them. The LHC has also helped in discovering Tetraquarks, searching for new
particles predicted by supersymmetric theories, and studying unresolved questions in particle
physics.