Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Challenges
Globalization
broadly defined as the migration of human
activities from the narrow confines of the
nation-state to a much larger scale
o Ex: the Integration of national
economies through trade, investment,
Peace of Westphalia Challenges under Globalization Therefore, interventions overriding national
1. Legal sovereignty is no longer the monopoly of sovereignty are now approved by world
national governments opinion although the exact criteria and legal
Contemporary central governments have basis for such interventions have never been
responded to globalisation by voluntarily clarified.
shifting power upwards to supranational The breaching of sovereignty is now more
institutions. acceptable, yet the rules for doing so are still
Ex: The emergence of the European Union very vague.
(EU).This is because the European law takes 5. Westphalian wars are in decline. Non-
precedence over national law. Westphalian conflicts are on the rise.
Other Ex: Other IGOs (such as WTO) are also A Westphalian War is a clash of sovereign
picking up powers which may involve a countries according to certain rules such as
transfer of sovereignty. The upward power formal declarations of wars, treatment of
shift from governments to supranational prisoners, and others.
bodies. The new confrontations are economic and
2. The control of physical territory is much less informational.
meaningful today, both as source and domain of The game has changed and the protagonists
power are no longer national governments but
Improvement in transportation and corporations, special interest groups, drug
telecommunication cartels, ethnic mafias, and others.
The Internet of global finance does not respect 6. Modernization
national borders and sovereign jurisdictions. In general under modernization is a process
This severely reduces the ability of national where rural, traditional societies are
governments to deal with global challenges. transformed into industrialized and modern.
3. Non-state actors are emerging as the new stars This encompasses not only economic
of the global order modernization and development of market
Large MNCs wielding considerable economic infrastructure and technology, but also
(and political too). E.g. OECD (The political modernization and the developed
Organizations of Economy of Corporations system of interest representation.
and Development) The process of modernization is an obvious
Militant Special Interest Groups which include case of dominant countries acting from a place
organized religions, special lobbies, secret of power that allows for strategic positioning
societies, and other groups that have economically and politically.
influence. Outlaw elements such as mafias The United States has been doing this for a
are included as well who have been much long time all over the world and the most
quicker in harnessing the potential of current example is the U.S. presence in
globalization than legitimate groups. Afghanistan.
The NGOs (Non-Governmental Organizations
claiming to represent Civil Society) and who Conclusion
have, via street demonstrations and Treaty of Westphalia created state system.
persuasive communication through the It ended the 30 Year’s War and introduced a few
Internet, shown considerable ability to block or principles in contemporary world.
delay the signing of agreements on o Principle of non-intervention of one state in
globalization. the internal affairs of another state
IGOs (Intergovernmental Organizations) o Principle of equality between states
created by sovereign governments. E.g. o Principle of sovereignty of states and
World Bank, WTO, and others. fundamental right of political self-
4. International law is beginning to challenge the determination
supremacy of state sovereignty Treaty of Westphalia is undergoing a historic
Concepts such as human rights, change.
environmental protection, ethnic self- A. Wave of democratization
determination, sustainable development are B. Process of globalization since 1945
beginning to trump state sovereignty in the C. Creation of United Nations and inter-
court of public opinion and are invoked to governmental bodies
justify interventions in the affairs of sovereign D. Humanitarian Intervention
states.
Ex: Today’s attempted genocides are on the
news and cannot be ignored.
Change in nature and understanding of sovereignty It argues that both state interests and anarchy
Sovereignty is redefined. are socially constructed, that is, they are
State is interdependent, due to globalization. created by the state themselves.
Nature of sovereignty has changed from one which
vests states with certain rights, like the right to non- D. Marxism
intervention, to one which grants them certain It is a social theory that aims to scrutinize and
responsibilities—primarily towards its own critique the underlying foundations upon which
population. contemporary world system is built.
E.g. Human rights violations perpetrated by It argues that the world is primarily divided along
government economic lines, between the core developed
However, it argued that Westphalia holds a states and the peripheral developing states.
continuing relevance despite the evolution of its It predicted that capitalism in advanced,
system. industrial states will be overthrown and replaced
The outcomes of Peace of Westphalia founded by socialism, and eventually communism.
important norms for the international system and
serve as a model for contemporary international Summary of the Theories
law and relations.
The transformation in the concept of sovereignty
has rather reiterated, reasserted and re-
emphasized the obligations and duties of sovereign
states with respect to protection and upholding of
citizens’ rights.
THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVE
OF INTERSTATE SYSTEM
Different Theories about Interstate System
A. Realism
Realists assume that just like human
individuals, states are rational actors and their
primary concern is to maximize their self-
interest.
It also assumes that the structure of the
international system is anarchy.
Anarchy does not mean absolute chaos,
but in the absence of a central authority
that can protect states from one another,
there is a constant possibility of conflicts.
B. Liberalism
Emphasizes the pacifying role of international
organizations, economic interdependence,
and democracy
These 3 legs of liberalism are responsible
for the peace in the post-Cold War era.
Following the fall of the Berlin wall and
the disintegration of the Soviet Union,
liberalists further highlight the triumph of
liberalism over competing ideologies.
It reached the “end of history.”
C. Constructivism
It is concerned with the relationship between
units and structures.
It answers how we can understand the
relationship between states and anarchy.
EVOLUTION OF INTERSTATE SYSTEM 1980s
Soviet War in Afghanistan
COLD WAR (1947-1991)
GLOBALIZATION AND
Cold War
THE INTERSTATE SYSTEM
War between Soviet Union and United States of
America What is the effect of globalization on the
The relationship between the US and the Soviet contemporary interstate system? (2 Approaches)
Union during the Cold War Two Approaches
Advancements of Nuclear Weapons/ Technologies A. Outside-in view
The spread of communists around the nations Regards globalization as an exogenous
o Soviet Union enlarge its communist sphere process that is making a profound impact
of influence: on states affairs
Eastern Europe States become powerless to the forces of
China the market
North Korea Globalization is seen as an extreme form
Vietnam of interdependence such that the
Latin America ordering principles of sovereignty,
territoriality, and non-interference are
1945 Berlin Occupation called into question.
Soviet Controlled Territory The implication is that globalization is
West Berlin vs. East Berlin undermining the contemporary interstate
system.
creating the Berlin Wall
B. Inside-out view
1947 Greek Civil War Globalization recognizes that states are
the ones influencing the level of global
1948 interconnectedness today.
U.S. President Harry S. Truman It emphasizes that globalization is not an
independent phenomenon that takes
supports and offers military assistance to
place in vacuum.
Germany
While it affects that states, states also
Soviet Premier Joseph Stalin
shape globalization.
disagrees with Pres. Truman
If globalization is a transformative
process that redefines the conceptions of
1950
state, sovereignty, and territory, and does
People’s Republic of China vs. Republic of China
not necessarily replace them, then it is
(Taiwan)
better to think of the contemporary
system as global interstate system
1951 The Korean War
United States made an ally with the South Korea
Soviet Union made an alliance with North Korea
Sample Question
1. What is the role of the interstate system regarding
1956 Hungarian Revolution
the territorial disputes between the Philippines and
Both U.S. and Soviet Union tried to make an
the rest of the countries in the world claiming the
alliance with two competing parties within the
Spratly Island, claiming the Sabah?
country having a civil war
1961
US’ capitalism democracy vs. Soviet Union’s
socialism and communism
space rockets: USA’s Gemini-Titan II vs. USSR’s
Vostok
creation of the Berlin Wall