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Solvents & Antioxidants
Solvents & Antioxidants
Hydrocarbon solvents
Molecules of hydrocarbon solvents consist only of hydrogen and
carbon atoms.
Aliphatic solvents
Molecules of aliphatic solvents have straight-chain structure.
Hexane, gasoline, kerosene are aliphatic solvents.
Pure aromatic solvents
Molecules of pure aromatic solvents have benzene ring
structure. Examples of pure aromatic solvents are benzene,
toluene and xylene.
Halogenated solvents
Halogenated solvent is an organic solvent, molecules of which contain
halogen atoms: chlorine (Cl), fluorine (F), bromine (Br) or iodine (I).
Chlorinated solvents
The common chlorinated solvents are methylene chloride (Dichloro
methane) (CH2Cl2), carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)), chloroform (CHCl3).
Fluorocarbon solvents
Examples of fluorocarbon solvents: dichlorofluoromethane
(freon 21, CHCl2F), trichlorofluoromethane (freon 11, CCl3F),
tetrafluoromethane (freon 14, CF4)-used in refrigerator.
Brominated solvents
Examples of brominated solvents: ethylene dibromide (1,2-
dibromoethane, BrCH2-CH2Br), methyl bromide, (bromomethane,
CH3Br).
Iodinated solvents
Examples of iodinated solvents: n-butyl iodide (1-iodobutane,
CH3CH2CH2CH2I), methyl iodide (iodomethane, CH3I).
Antioxidant
Oxidation is a chemical reaction that transfers electrons or
hydrogen from a substance to an oxidizing agent.
Oxidation reactions can produce free radicals. In turn,
these radicals can start chain reactions. When the chain
reaction occurs in a cell, it can cause damage or death to
the cell. Antioxidants terminate these chain reactions by
removing free radical intermediates, and inhibit other
oxidation reactions. They do this by being oxidized
themselves, so antioxidants are often reducing agents.
An antioxidant is a molecule that inhibits
the oxidation of other molecules.
Defining “antioxidant”
The term “antioxidant” has many definitions:
Chemical definition: “a substance that opposes oxidation
or inhibits reactions promoted by oxygen or peroxides”
Biological definition: “synthetic or natural substances that
prevent or delay deterioration of a product (oxidative
degradation), or are capable of counteracting the
damaging effects of oxidation in animal tissues”
Institute of Medicine definition: “a substance that
significantly decreases the adverse effects of reactive
species such as ROS (Reactive Oxygen Species) on normal
physiological function in humans.
Types of antioxidants
Inorganic antioxidants: Sulfur dioxide (SO2), Sodium
metabisulfite (Na2S2O3.5H2O), Sodium nitrite (NaNO2),
Sodium sulfate (Na2SO3).
HO O
OR
OH O