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CFD Lecture
CFD Lecture
Fluid Dynamics
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What is CFD?
What is CFD and its objective?
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Why use CFD?
Why use CFD?
– Analysis and Design
Simulation-based design instead of “build & test”
– More cost effectively and more rapidly than with experiments
– CFD solution provides high-fidelity database for interrogation of
flow field
Simulation of physical fluid phenomena that are difficult to be
measured by experiments
– Scale simulations (e.g., full-scale ships, airplanes)
– Hazards (e.g., explosions, radiation, pollution)
– Physics (e.g., weather prediction, planetary boundary layer, stellar
evolution)
– Knowledge and exploration of flow physics
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Where is CFD used? (Aerospace)
– Chemical Processing
– HVAC&R
– Hydraulics
– Marine
– Oil & Gas
– Power Generation
– Sports
Wing-Body Interaction Hypersonic Launch Vehicle
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Where is CFD used? (Appliances)
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Where is CFD used? (Automotive)
Interior Ventilation
Engine Cooling 7
Where is CFD used? (Biomedical)
– HVAC&R
– Hydraulics
– Marine
– Oil & Gas
– Power Generation Temperature and natural
convection currents in the eye
– Sports following laser heating.
Spinal Catheter 8
Where is CFD used? (Chemical Processing)
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Where is CFD used? (Marine)
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Where is CFD used? (Oil & Gas)
– Power Generation
– Sports
Flow of lubricating mud
over drill bit 13
Where is CFD used? (Power Generation)
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Physics
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Physics
Fluid Mechanics
Inviscid Viscous
Laminar Turbulence
Internal External
Compressibl Incompressible (airfoil, ship)
(pipe,valve)
e (water)
(air, acoustic)
Continuity
u u u u p
x u x x u y x u z x xx yx zx g x
t x y z x x y z
Equation of motion
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Navier-Stokes Equations
C.L. M. H. Navier, Memoire sur les Lois du Mouvements des Fluides, Mem. de l’Acad. d. Sci.,6, 398 (1822)
C.G. Stokes, On the Theories of the Internal Friction of Fluids in Motion, Trans. Cambridge Phys. Soc., 8, (1845)
Navier-Stokes Equations
(constant and )
u x u x u x u x p 2 ux 2 ux 2 ux
ux uy uz 2 2 2 g x
t x y z x x y z
yu u u u y p 2
u 2
u 2
uy
u x y
uy
y
uz 2 2 2 g y
y y
t x y z y x y z
u z u z u z u z p 2 u z 2 u z 2 u z
u x uy uz 2 2 2 g z
t x y z z x y z
D
v p 2v g
Dt 20
Navier–Stokes Example
u y u y u y u y p 2 u y 2 u y 2 u y
u x uy u z 2 2 2 g y
t x y z y x y z
dp d 2uy
0 2 g
dy dx
Integrate
duyx dp
g C1
Fluid
dx dy
x2 d p L
Integrate u y g C1 x C2
2 dy
B.C. u y 0 at x 0, u y 0 at x L
y
L dp
C1 g C2 0
2 dy
x
1 dp Laminar Flow
Final Expression u y g ( Lx - x 2
)
2 dy Static Parallel Plates
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Modeling
Mathematical representation of the physical problem
– Some problems are exact (e.g., laminar pipe flow)
– Exact solutions only exist for some simple cases. In these cases nonlinear
terms can be dropped from the N-S equations which allow analytical solution.
– Most cases require models for flow behavior [e.g., K-, K-, Reynolds
Averaged Navier Stokes equations (RANS) or Large Eddy Simulation (LES)
for turbulent flow]
Initial —Boundary Value Problem (IBVP), include: governing Partial
Differential Equations (PDEs), Initial Conditions (ICs) and Boundary Conditions
(BCs)
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Turbulent Flow Representation
(K- as an example)
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Turbulent Boundary Layer
y
Bulk Stream
x
U0 Edge of boundary layer
Outer layer
d U w
w
u
dy y 0 u
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y+ and Turbulence Models
COMSOL has many turbulent models available
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Finite Differences
u u i 1, j u i , j 2u x 3u x 2
2 3
x i, j x x i, j 2 x i, j 6
Methods of Solution
u 2u x 2 3u x 3
u i 1, j u i , j x 2 3
x i, j x i, j 2 x i, j 6
x
jmax
j+1
j
y
j-1 Taylor’s Series Expansion
u i,j = velocity of fluid
o i-1 i i+1 imax x
f ( x) sin 2 x
at : x 0.2 f ( x ) 0.9511
f
f x x f ( x) x
x
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CFD process
Geometry description
Specification of flow conditions and properties
Selection of models
Specification of initial and boundary conditions
Grid generation and transformation
Specification of numerical parameters
Flow solution
Post processing: Analysis, and visualization
Uncertainty assessment
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Geometry description
Typical approaches
– Make assumptions and
simplifications
– CAD/CAE integration
– Engineering drawings
– Coordinates include Cartesian
system (x,y,z), cylindrical system (r,
θ, z), and spherical system(r, θ, Φ)
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Flow conditions and properties
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Selection of models for flow field
Direct Numerical Simulations (DNS) is to solve the N-S equations
directly without any modeling. Grid must be fine enough to resolve
all flow scales. Applied for laminar flow and rare be used in
turbulent flow.
Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (NS) equations (RANS) is to
perform averaging of NS equations and establishing turbulent
models for the eddy viscosity. Too many averaging might damping
vortical structures in turbulent flows
Large Eddy Simulation (LES), Smagorinsky’ constant model and
dynamic model. Provide more instantaneous information than
RANS did. Instability in complex geometries
Detached Eddy Simulation (DES) is to use one single formulation
to combine the advantages of RANS and LES.
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Initial and boundary conditions
For steady/unsteady flow
IC should not affect final solution, only convergence path, i.e.
iteration numbers needed to get the converged solution.
Robust codes should start most problems from very crude IC, .
But more reasonable guess can speed up the convergence.
Boundary conditions
– No-slip or slip-free on the wall, periodic, inlet (velocity
inlet, mass flow rate, constant pressure, etc.), outlet
(constant pressure, velocity convective, buffer zone,
zero-gradient), and non-reflecting (compressible flows,
such as acoustics), etc.
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Grid generation
Grids can either be structured (hexahedral) or
unstructured (tetrahedral). Depends upon type
of discretization scheme and application
– Scheme
Finite differences: structured
structured or unstructured
– Application
Thin boundary layers best resolved
geometries
Unstructured grids permit automatic
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Grid Resolution
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Grid generation and transformation
Grids designed to resolve important
flow features which are dependent
upon flow parameters (e.g., Re)
Commercial codes such as Gridgen,
Gambit
For research code, grid generated by
one of several methods (algebraic vs.
PDE based, conformal mapping)
For complex geometries, body-fitted
coordinate system will have to be
applied (next slide). Grid Sample grid established by
transformation from the physical Gambit of FLUENT
domain to the computational domain
will be necessary
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Grid transformation
y
o x o
Physical domain Computational domain
Transformation between physical (x,y,z) f f f f f
x x
and computational () domains, x x x
important for body-fitted grids. The partial
f f f f f
derivatives at these two domains have the y y
y y y
relationship (2D as an example)
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Numerical parameters & flow
solution
Numerical parameters are used to control flow solution.
– Under relaxation factor, tridiagonal or pentadiagonal solvers
– CFD Labs using FlowLab
Monitor residuals (change of results between iterations)
Number of iterations for steady flow or number of time steps for unsteady flow
Flow solution
– Solve the momentum, pressure Poisson equations and get flow field quantities, such as velocity, turbulence intensity,
pressure and integral quantities (drag forces)
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Numerical parameters & flow
solution
Typical time
history of
residuals
The closer the
flow field to the
converged
solution, the
smaller the speed
of the residuals
decreasing.
Solution converged, residuals do
not change after more iterations
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Post-processing
Analysis, and visualization
– Calculation of derived variables
Vorticity
Wall shear stress
Simple 2D contours
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Post-processing (Parallel Plates)
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Post-Processing (example)
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Uncertainty assessment
Rigorous methodology for uncertainty assessment using
statistical and engineering concepts
– Verification: process for assessing simulation numerical uncertainty
Iterative convergence: monitoring point & integral quantities should
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CFD Example
Sulzer Chemtech
250 Y Plastic
Structured Packing
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Geometry
• CT > STL > CFD
• CT = 0.322 mm
Min Resolution
• Copy/Pasted 2x
• Surface Wrapping
• Adaptive Meshing
• Tetrahedral Mesh
• Polyhedral Mesh
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Mess Dimensions
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Experiment vs. Simulation
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Velocity Map
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Software and resources
CFD software was built upon physics, modeling, numerics.
Two types of available software
– Commercial (e.g., FLUENT, CFX, Star-CCM, COMSOL)
– Research (e.g., CFDSHIP-IOWA, U2RANS)
More information on CFD can be got on the following website:
– CFD Online: http://www.cfd-online.com/
– CFD software
FLUENT: http://www.fluent.com/
COMSOL http://www.comsol.com/
CD-adapco: http://www.cd-adapco.com/
GridPro: http://www.gridpro.com/
– Visualization software
Tecplot: http://www.amtec.com/
Fieldview: http://www.ilight.com/
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