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Bkf3463: Unit Operation 1 Chapter 8: EVAPORATION
Bkf3463: Unit Operation 1 Chapter 8: EVAPORATION
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CONTENT
1. Type of Evaporation equipment and Methods
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EVAPORATION
Heat is added to a solution to vaporize the solvent, which is usually water.
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Materials of construction Pressure and temperature
Foaming or frothing
Scale deposition
Processing Factors
solubility
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PROCESSING FACTORS
(1) Concentration
dilute feed, viscosity , heat transfer coefficient, h
concentrated solution/products, , and h .
(2) Solubility
concentration , solubility , crystal formed.
solubility with temperature .
(3) Temperature.
heat sensitive material degrade at higher temperature & prolonged
heating.
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(4) Foaming/frothing.
caustic solutions, food solutions, fatty acid solutions form
foam/froth during boiling.
entrainment loss as foam accompany vapor.
Sour gas
Sour gas
LI LI
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Wiped film evaporator
1)
evaporators with electrical inductive heating up to 600 °C
2)
in horizontal evaporators longer residence times possible
3)
depending on evaporator type 10
Effect of Processing Variables on Evaporator Operation
(1) TF
TF < Tbp, some of latent heat of steam will be used to heat up the cold
feed, only the rest of the latent heat of steam will be used to vaporize
the feed.
Is the feed is under pressure & TF > Tbp, additional vaporization
obtained by flashing of feed.
(2) P1
desirable T [Q = UA(TS – T1)]
A & cost .
T1 depends on P1 will T1.
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(3) PS
PS will TS but high-pressure is costly.
optimum TS by overall economic balances.
(4) BPR
The concentration of the solution are high enough so that the
cP and Tbp are quite different from water.
BPR can be predict from Duhring chart for each solution such
as NaOH and sugar solution.
(5) Enthalpy–concentration of solution.
for large heat of solution of the aqueous solution.
to get values for hF and hL. 12
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vapor,V to condenser
T1 , yV , HV
feed, F heat-exchanger
P1
TF , xF , hF. tubes
T1
steam, S
TS , HS condensate, S
TS , hS
concentrated liquid, L
T1 , xL , hL
Simplified Diagram of single-effect evaporator
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vapor T1 vapor T2 vapor T3
to vacuum
condenser
feed, TF (1) (2) (3)
T1 T2 T3
steam, TS
condensate
concentrate concentrate concentrated
from first from second product
effect. effect.
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vapor T1 vapor T2 vapor T3
to vacuum
condenser
(1) (2) (3)
feed, TF
steam, TS T1 T2 T3
condensate
concentrated
product
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SINGLE EFFECT EVAPORATORS
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CALCULATION METHODS FOR SINGLE-EFFECT
EVAPORAT
CALCULATIONS
a) vapor, V and liquid, L flowrates.
b) heat transfer area, A
c) overall heat-transfer coefficient, U.
d) Fraction of solid content, xL.
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(2) To calculate A or U,
- No boiling point rise and negligible heat of solution:
calculate hF, hL, Hv and .
where, = (HS – hs)
h = cP(T – Tref)
where, Tref = T1 = (as datum)
cPF = heat capacity (dilute as water)
HV = latent heat at T1
solve for S:
F hF + S = L hL + V HV
solve for A and U:
q = S = U A T = UA (TS – T1)
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(3) To get BPR and the heat of solution:
1) Calculate T1 = Tsat + BPR
2) Get hF and hL from Figure 8.4-3.
3) Get S & HV from steam tables for superheated vapor or
HV = Hsat + 1.884 (BPR)
4) Solve for S:
F hF + S = L hL + V HV
5) Solve for A and U:
q = S = U A T = UA (TS – T1)
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Example 8.4-1: Heat-Transfer Area in Single-Effect Evaporator
Calculate the amounts of vapor and liquid product and the heat-
transfer area required. Assumed that, since it its dilute, the
solution has the same boiling point as water.
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F = 9072 kg/h V=?
TF = 311 K T 1 , yV , HV
xF = 0.01
hF. P1 = 101.325 kPa
U = 1704 W/m2
S , T S , HS T1 A=?
PS = 143.3 kPa L=? S, TS , hS
T1 , hL
xL = 0.015
Calculate the steam used, the steam economy in (kg vaporized/kg steam)
used, and the heating surface area in m2.
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V, T1 , yV , HV
F = 4536 kg/h
TF = 60 ºC
xF = 0.2
hF. P1 = 11.7 kPa
U = 1560 W/m2
S=?
T1 A=?
TS , H S
PS = 172.4 kPa S, TS , hS
L, T , h
1 L
xL = 0.5
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Solution
Refer to Fig. 8.4-4, for flow diagram for this solution.
For the total balance,
F = 4536 = L + V
For the balance on the solute alone,
F xF = L x L
4536 (0.2) = L (0.5)
L = 1814 kg/h of liquid
Substituting into total balance and solving,
V = 2722 kg/h of vapor
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To determine T1 = Tsat + BPR of the 50 % concentrate product, first
we obtain Tsat of pure water from steam table. At 11.7 kPa, Tsat =
48.9 ºC.
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For saturated steam at 172.4 kPa, from steam table, we get
TS = 115.6 ºC and = 2214 kJ/kg.
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The heat q transferred through the heating surface area, A is
q = S ( )
q = 3255 (2214) (1000 / 3600) = 2 002 000 W
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EVAPORATION
T1 T2 T3
steam, TS
condensate
concentrate concentrate concentrated
from first from second product
effect. effect.
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EVAPORATION
Calculation Methods for Multiple-effect Evaporators.
Objective to calculate;
- temperature drops and the heat capacity of
evaporator.
- the area of heating surface and amount of vapor
leaving the last effect.
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- hence we know that T are approximately inversely
proportional to the values of U,
1 U1
T1 T
1 U1 1 U 2 1 U 3
- similar eq. can be written for T2 & T3
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EVAPORATION
vapor T1 vapor T2 vapor T3
to vacuum
condenser
(1) (2) (3)
feed, TF
steam, TS T1 T2 T3
condensate
concentrated
product
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EVAPORATION
Backward-feed multiple/triple-effect evaporators;
- fresh feed enters the last and coldest effect and continues
on until the concentrated product
leaves the first effect.
- advantageous when the fresh feed is cold or
when concentrated product is highly viscous.
- working a liquid pump since the flow is from low
to high pressure.
- the high temperature in the first effect reduce the
viscosity and give reasonable heat-transfer
coefficient.
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Step-by-step Calculation Method for Triple-effect Evaporator (Forward Feed)
Calculate the amount vaporized and concentrated liquid in each effect through energy & material
balances.
If the amounts differ significantly from the assumed values in step 2, step 2, and 4 must be repeated with
the amounts just calculated.
Using heat transfer equations for each effect, calculate the surface required for each effect
If the surfaces calculated are not equal, revise the TS . Repeat step 4 onward until the areas are distributed satisfactorily.
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EXAMPLE. 8.5-1 : Evaporation of Sugar Solution in a
Triple- Effect Evaporator
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EVAPORATION
V1 = 22,680 – L1 V2 = L1 – L2 T3
F = 22680 V3 = L2 - 4536
T1 T2
xF = 0.1
TF = 26.7 ºC P3 = 13.7 kPa
(1) (3)
(2)
S =?
TS1 = 121.1 ºC
TS1 TS2 TS3
PS1 = 205.5 kPa
T3
T1 , L1 , x1 T2 , L2 , x2 L3 = 4536
x3 = 0.5
1 U1
65.97 (1 3123)
Using Eq.(8.5-6) for T1 , T2 , and T3
T1 T
1 U1 1 U 2 1 U 3 (1 3123) (1 1987) (1 1136)
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The temperatures in the three effects are as follows:
Effect 1 Effect 2 Effect 3 Condenser
TS1 = 121.1ºC TS2 = 105.18 TS3 = 86.19 TS4 = 51.67
T1 = 105.54 T2 = 86.84 T3 = 54.12
Step 4,
The heat capacity of the liquid in each effect is calculated from the
equation cP = 4.19 – 2.35x.
Effect 1:
H1 = HS2 + 1.884 BPR1 = 2684 + 1.884(0.36) 2685 kJ/kg.
S1 = HS1 – hS1 = 2708 – 508 = 2200 kJ/kg.
Effect 2:
H2 = HS3 + 1.884 BPR2= 2654 + 1.884(0.65) = 2655 kJ/kg.
S2 = H1 – hS2 = 2685 – 441 = 2244 kJ/kg.
Effect 3:
H3 = HS4 + 1.884 BPR3 = 2595 + 1.884(2.45) = 2600 kJ/kg.
S3 = H2 – hS3 = 2655– 361 = 2294 kJ/kg. 49
Write the heat balance on each effect. Use 0ºC as a datum.
FcPF (TF –0) + SS1 = L1cP1 (T1 –0) + V1H1 ,, ………(1)
22680(3.955)(26.7-0)+2200S = 3.869L1(105.54-0)+(22680-L1)2685
Solving (2) and (3) simultaneously for L1&L2 and substituting into(1)
L1 = 17078 kg/h L2 = 11068 kg/h L3 = 4536 kg/h
S = 8936kg/h V1 = 5602kg/h V2 = 6010kg/h
V3 = 6532kg/h 50
EVAPORATION
Step 5, Solving for the values of q in each effect and area,
8936
q1 SS1 2200 x1000 5.460 x10 W
6
3600
5602
q2 V1S 2 2244x1000 3.492 x10 W
6
3600
6010
q3 V2 S 3 2294x1000 3.830 x10 W
6
3600
q3 3.830 x106 ( A1 A2 A3 )
A3 105.1m 2 Am 104.4m 2
U 3 T3 1136 32.07 3
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EVAPORATION
Am = 104.4 m2, the areas differ from the average value by less than
10 % and a second trial is really not necessary. However, a second
trial will be made starting with step 6 to indicate the calculation
methods used.
Step 6,
Making a new solids balance by using the new L1 = 17078, L2 =
11068, and L3 = 4536, and solving for x,
Step 8;
Following step 4 to get cP = 4.19 – 2.35x,
F: cPF = 4.19 – 2.35 (0.1) = 3.955 kJ/kg.K
L1: cP1 = 4.19 – 2.35 (0.133) = 3.877 kJ/kg.K
L2: cP2 = 4.19 – 2.35 (0.205) = 3.705 kJ/kg.K
L3: cP3 = 4.19 – 2.35 (0.5) = 3.015 kJ/kg.K
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Then the new values of the enthalpy are,
(1) H1 = HS2 + 1.884 BPR1 = 2682 + 1.884(0.35) = 2683 kJ/kg.
S1 = HS1 – hS1 = 2708 – 508 = 2200 kJ/kg.
(2) H2 = HS3 + 1.884 BPR2 = 2654 + 1.884(0.63) = 2655 kJ/kg.
S2 = H1 – hS2 = 2683 – 440 = 2243 kJ/kg.
(3) H3 = HS4 + 1.884 BPR3 = 2595 + 1.884(2.45) = 2600 kJ/kg.
S3 = H2 – hS3 = 2655– 362 = 2293 kJ/kg.
3600
5675
q2 V1S 2 2243x1000 3.539 x10 W
6
3600
6053
q3 V2 S 3 2293x1000 3.855x10 W
6
3600
q1 5.476 x106
A1 104 . 6 m 2
U1T1' 312316.77
q2 3.539 x106
A2 105. 6 m 2
U 2 T2' 198716.87
q3 3.855 x106
A3 104.9 m 2
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THANK YOU
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