CHAPTER 4

Telecommunication
s
and Networking 1
How computers communicate?
• What happens when we type a URL in browser and click enter?
• What happens when we send or receive an email?
• Understand basic network structures
• Most commonly adopted Protocols

2
Information Stored vs Transmitted

3
What is a computer network?

Types of networks
• PAN – Personal Area Network
• LAN – Local Area network
• MAN – Metropolitan Area network
• WAN – Wide Area network

Bandwidth
• Broadband – fast information transition
• Narrowband – somewhat slow information transition

4
Wireline vs Wireless
Wireline
• Twisted pair – Cheap and vulnerable, not a to fast
• Coaxial cable – Somewhat expensive, better speed and hard to work with
• Fiber Optics – Very expensive, highly efficient, hard to service

HUB Switch Router

5
How to make the right decision

Think before you invest in expensive network hardware

• When combining several technologies think of bottleneck effect
• Wrong combination can make your investment worthless

6
What is Internet?
• A wide are network
• What are NAP-s?IXP?
• How ISP-s work?

How computers find each other?

• What is an IP address?
• IPv4 – 32 Bit
• IPv6 – 128 Bit 7
Static IP vs Dynamic IP

Static
• Is a permanent IP address (One of possible 4bln)
• 7-10bln connected devices

Dynamic
• Is granted to a device when you connect to the internet
• There will be no need in it after adopting IPv6

8
How computers communicate - TCP/IP

7 layers of OSI

1: Physical Layer TCP/IP

2: Data Link Layer
1: Network Layer
3: Network Layer
4: Transport Layer 2: Internet Layer(IP)
5: Session Layer 3: Transportation Layer(TCP)
6: Presentation Layer 4: Application layer
7: Application Layer

9
 So what happens with your URL search
Application layer
• HTTP request is sent to your transition layer
Transportation layer
• The information is disassembled into packages
• Marked with sequence numbers for future assembly
• Waits for confirmation of delivery
Internet layer
• Each package receives destination IP address and other required data
Network layer
• Packages are physically sent/routed towards their destination

Application Layer Transportation layer Internet Layer Network layer

10
What happens next
• Your packages are sent to your ISP
• Your ISP resends it to IXP that has the destination IP
• The Destination ISP resends it to the appropriate IP address

11
Internet Versus WWW
• Internet is the network
• WWW is a special case of using this network
• Browser
• Web Page
• URL(uniform resource locator)

• Other usages of Internet

• Skype
• Mail
• Remote access technologies
How URL is resolved

DNS Server
• Your computer knows the
IP of the closest DNS server
• You ask DNS to provide you with
an IP
• It answers you back with an IP
• Now you can connect to the
desired IP Address
Client-Server vs Peer-to-Peer

Peer-to-Peer

email Skype
How bittorent works

Each computer is both a downloader and an uploader

Useful applications of internet

• Looking up random stuff (Search engines)

• Online Education
• Voice/video communication
• Collaboration

Modern trends:
• Big Data
• Crowdsourcing
• Internet of things
Internet of things
The interconnection via the Internet of computing devices embedded in everyday objects
Dot- COM Bubble
• What is a Bubble?
• What happened in 1998-2003
• People are not informed enough
• Low interest Rates
• A lot of success stories: Google, Apple…
• Investing in IT is a new trend, but nobody knows
what it is
What happens in the market

• People invest in IT companies without any reason

• A lot of new companies are created
• You only need to add “e-” to the name of your company
How it Ends?

What currently happens?

• Angel Investors
• Start-up incubators
• Crowdsourcing