CHAPTER 2

RATIO AND
PROPORTION

Prepared by:
Ms. Eljen M. Montefolka
Business Math Teacher
 Ratio, Rate, and Proportion

RATIO

A comparison of two or more quantity

Example:
A class is composed of 18 boys and girls,
then the ratio of boys to girls in the class
is 18:12, which is equivalent to 3:2
RATE

A ratio with different units in the

numerator and in the denominator

Example:
If it costs ₱25.00 to buy a 500 mL bottle
of soft drink, then we have the rate of
₱25.00 per 500 mL. We can also write
the cost per mL as 25/500 = ₱0.05 per
mL.
PROPORTION

Equivalent of two or more ratio.s

We can write proportion as…

a :b  c :d
a c

b d
 Different type of Proportion and their
Application
1. DIRECT PROPORTION

When the value of one variable increases, the

other also decreases.

The variable y is said to be directly proportional to

x if there is a nonzero constant k for which y=kx.

The constant k is called the constant of

proportionality (proportionality constant).
Example:
The number of cars c produced by a plant in a month is
directly proportional to the number of machines m that
are deployed in the plant. Suppose that the plant
produces 12 cars in a month when there are 3 machines.

1. Express the relationship between c and m as an

equation. What is the constant of proportionality?
2. How many cars will be produced if there are four
machines?
3. How many machines will be needed to produce
20 cars per month?
SOLUTION:

1. Let k be the constant proportionality.

c  km
k=?
12  k  3 
m =3
12  3k
c =12
k4
SOLUTION:

2. In this case we need the value of c

when m=4.
c  km
c  4  4
c  16
SOLUTION:

3. In this case we need the value of m

when c=20
20  4m
20 4m

4 4
5 m
2. INVESRE PROPORTION
When the value of one variable increases,
the other decreases, so their product is
unchanged.

The variable y is said to be invesrely

proportional to x if there is a nonzero
constant k for which y=k/x.

The constant k is called the constant of

proportionality (proportionality constant
Example:
The price (p) per square meter of land zoned for business
is inversely proportional to its distance (d) to the center
of town. Suppose that a piece of land 1.5 km from the
center of the town costs ₱30 000.00 per square meter.

1.Write an equation relating p and d. What is the

constant of proportionality?

2. How much per square meter would a piece of land 2.5

km from the center of town cost.
SOLUTION:

1. Since p and d are inversely proportional

we have p=k/d
k
p 
d =30, 000 d
k
d =1.5 30, 000 
1.5
k 30, 000(1.5)
k 45, 0000
SOLUTION:

2. We need the value of p when d=2.5

k
p 
d
45000
p 
2.5
p  18, 000
3. PARTITIVE
PROPORTION

from the word

“Partitive" meaning divided into parts, is
a proportion of a quantity being distributed
or divided unequally into two or more
parts.
Example 1
Divide 60 into two terms in the ratio 5:7

SOLUTION:

5  7  12
5 7
(6 0 ) (6 0)
12 12
300 420
 
12 12
 25  35
Example 2
Patricia had to divide the ₱4,000,000.00 inheritance
of his uncle Ramon among his uncles three nephews
in the ratio of 2:3:4. How much should each nephew
receive?

SOLUTION:

2  3  4  12
2 8,000,000
a. (4,000,000) 
9 9
 888,888.89
SOLUTION:

3 12,000,000
b. (4,000,000) 
9 9
 1,333,333.33

4 16,000,000
c. (4,000,000) 
9 9
 1,777,777.78