As a subordinate clause

in a complex sentence

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 Every adverbial clause begins with a subordinate conjunction.

 Some examples of subordinate conjunctions would be when, since,

before, although, until…

 Adverbial clauses explain: verbs, adjectives and other adverbs.

 Sample of adverb in simple sentence and adverb clause:
1. He works slowly. (V: works) - simple sentence
He works as slowly as his mother does. - adverb clause

2. Rina is so kind. (Adj: kind)- simple sentence

Rina is so kind that everybody likes her. - adverb clause

3. The child is dancing so beautifully. (Adv: beautifully)

The child is dancing so beautifully that many people adore
her. - adverb clause
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◦ After he raised his rifle to his shoulder, he squeezed
the trigger immediately.

◦ The student left the room before the bell rang.

◦ He enjoys camping in the woods more than you do.

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1. Adv. C of Time
Conjunction-nya: when (= ketika), whenever (= kapan saja), while
(= sementara / ketika), as soon as (= segera setelah), since (=
sejak), before (= sebelum), after (= sesudah), until / till (= sampai).
Contoh:
▪ He came in when I was typing.
Keterangan:
He came in …: Main Clause / Independent Clause.
… when I was typing: Sub(ordinate) Clause / Dependent Clause.
▪ I have been busy since I last saw you.
▪ I left just as soon as he entered.

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2. Adv. C of Place
Conjunction-nya: where (= dimana), wherever (= dimana saja /
kemana saja), as far as (= sejauh).
Contoh:
▪ I put the flash disk where I found it.
▪ I will go wherever you go.
▪ I shall come as far as I can.

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3. Adv. C of Manner
Conjunction-nya: as (= seperti), as if / as though (= seolah-olah).
Contoh:
▪ Pronounce the word as I do.
▪ She talks as if she knew everything.
▪ He behaves as if he were a manager.
Catatan:
Like (= seperti) diikuti oleh kata atau phrase bukan clause /
kalimat.
Contoh:
▪ Don’t talk like (= seperti) that. (Simple Sentence)
▪ Jika ada like yang diikuti clause / kalimat, pemakaiannya tidak
baku dan terdapat dalam American English.
▪ Contoh:
▪ Pronounce the word like (= seperti) I do.
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4. Adv. C of Cause / Reason
Conjunction-nya: because, as, since, now that, seeing that,
considering that, in that (= karena).
Contoh:
▪ As / since there was no one there, I went away.
▪ He was absent from work because he was sick. (Complex
Sentence)
Catatan:
Because dan synonimnya di atas diikuti oleh clause / kalimat
bukan kata atau phrase tetapi because of dan synonimnya, yaitu
on account of , owing to , by reason of , dan due to diikuti oleh
kata atau phrase bukan kalimat.
Contoh:
He was absent from work because of (= karena) his sickness.
(Simple Sentence)

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5. Adv. C of Concession / Kelonggaran
Conjunction-nya: although, though, even though, in spite of the
fact that, for all that, notwithstanding (the fact that) (= meskipun).
Contoh:
▪ He went out in spite of the fact that the weather was bad.
Catatan:
In spite of the fact that dan syinonimnya di atas diikuti oleh
clause / kalimat bukan phrase tetapi in spite of dan synonimnya,
yaitu despite dan for all diikuti oleh phrase bukan clause /
kalimat.
Contoh:
He went out in spite of the bad weather.

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6. Adv. C of Condition / Syarat
Conjunction-nya: If (= jika), unless (= jika tidak / kecuali kalau), on
condition that, / provided that / providing that / as long as / so
long as (= asalkan).
Contoh:
▪ Type I (untuk waktu yang akan datang)
If I find your pen, I shall give it to you.
Verb 1 (V 1) V1

▪ Type II (untuk waktu sekarang)

If I found your pen, I should give it to you.
V2 V1
▪ Type III (untuk waktu lampau)
If I had found your pen, I should have given it to you.
V3 V3
(= Had I found your pen, I should have given it to you)
V3 V3
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Contoh yang lain:
▪ Type I (untuk waktu yang akan datang)
If I have much money, I shall buy a laptop for you.
V1 V1
▪ Type II (untuk waktu sekarang)
If I had much money, I should buy a laptop for you.
V2 V1
Keterangan:
… had … kata kerja penuh / V 2 yang berarti mempunyai.
▪ Type III (untuk waktu lampau)
If I had had much money, I should have bought a laptop for you.
V3 V3
(= Had I had much money, I should have bought a laptop for you)
V3 V3

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 Keterangan:
Had yang pertama kata kerja bantu, dan had yang kedua kata
kerja penuh / V 3 yang berarti mempunyai.
Catatan:
Jika ada kata kerja penghubung be yang digunakan dalam Adv.
C yang type II, kata kerja penghubung be-nya were.
Contoh:
If He were here, we should be happy. (Type II)
▪ Unless he does the work, he will not be paid.
▪ I will accept the job offer provided that I am provided with fringe
benefits.

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7.8. Adv. C of Purpose
Conjunction-nya: so that (= sehingga), in order that , (= agar /
supaya), dan lest (= agar tidak).
Dalam Adv. C of Purpose, setelah subyek digunakan might / may,
should / shall, would / will, dan could / can.
Contoh:
▪ I have written it very clearly so that they can read it very easily.
▪ He ran quickly lest he might be late.
▪ She went to the theatre early in order that she might get a seat.
(Complex Sentence)

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Keterangan:

In order that diikuti clause / kalimat bukan kata atau phrase

tetapi bila in order tidak diikuti oleh that , in order dapat diikuti
oleh to infinitive.

Contoh:
She went to the theatre early in order / so as (= agar) to get a
seat. (Simple Sentence)
He ran quickly in order (= agar) not to be late (= tidak terlambat).
(Simple Sentence)

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 9.
8. Adv. C of Effect or Result
Conjunction-nya: so + adjective / adverb + that atau such + noun(s)
+ that (= begitu … sehingga).
Contoh:
▪ The weather was so warm that I did not wear a coat.
▪ We arrived so early that we had to wait for over an hour.
▪ She is such a shy person that she dislikes talking to strangers.

10. Adv. C of
9. Comparison
Conjunction-nya: as + adjective / adverb + as (= se…) / (= sama …
dengan), than (= daripada) atau more than (= lebih dari).
Contoh:
▪ He is as tall as his father is.
▪ She does it as well as I do.
▪ He is taller than I am.
▪ She likes you more than I do.

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Exercise 1. Analyze the type of sentence (Simple Sent/ NC/ Adj Cl/Adv
Cl) and explain!
1.____ Do you know when the movie will finish?
2.____ Because I am tired, I will not participate.
3.____ Emma had left the game before me.
4.____ Fiona stayed here while we went fishing.
5.____ Unless you propose her immediately, she will get married with
another man.
6.____ Students who have high motivation to study create their own
culture to succeed.
7.____ Larry looked as if he had seen a ghost.
8.____ Before the band played, we had left to the hospital.
9.____ Did they see where Terry went?
10.____ Have you seen the principal since then?
11.____ Though the officer stopped them, she did not ticket them.
12.____ My brother seemed so tall at that time.
13.____ Even though you are younger than they are, you are more
talented.
14.____ Because the exam is tomorrow, I must study tonight.
15.____ After the graduation, we will celebrate it at home.
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Exercise 2.
Directions: Bold the adverb clause and state what the adverb clause explains!
Sample: I join AEC because I need to improve my English. (join: V)

1.I will not go to the movies with you unless you buy me soda, popcorn, and
candy.
2.Ford will come to the place where he have planned before.
3.Erin goes swimming whenever she gets the chance.
4.You can borrow my money as long as you can return it on time.
5.The washer will stop if the door is opened.
6.Government set PSBB at that time in order that covid-19 won’t spread widely.
7.The movie, Spiderman and Superman: Best Friends Reunited, had already
started when Mr. Font arrived.

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8. We had a good time at the picnic even though we lost our camera.
9. No one may enter the studio while the red light is on.
10. Will you visit me when you have time?
11.Because we had to get up at 4:30 in the morning, we went to bed before
American Idol was over.
12.Because the music in the stadium was so loud, Katie got a headache.
13.Only few persons came to the party since it was raining heavily.
14.Did you see my sister at the mall when you were in Williamsport?
15.My ride came before I had finished breakfast.

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1.Some foreign language teachers are finding that more is
learned and retention is better (Condition: They use a
technique called Total Physical Response.)
2.Using TPR, students respond physically to commands.
(Time: The teacher presents new material.) 
3.Students respond with movements, not with words.
(Cause: Understanding the spoken word is stressed
before speaking.)
4.No student is forced to speak. (Time: He or she is
ready.)
5.Experts feel that students are learning a new language.
(Manner: They were learning their native language.)

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6. First, the teacher models an action. (Purpose: The
student can relate the command to the needed
response.)
7. The teacher continues to participate. (Time: The
students’ responses come naturally.)
8. Test show that students learn more vocabulary.
(Comparison: Thy learn with conventional techniques.)
9. In fact, they can recall large numbers of words learned
the previous year. (Time: They return from summer
vacation.)
10.It seems that moving the body while learning improves
memory. (Cause: Movement forces the learner to
concentrate.)

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