TL6001 : Green Logistics Lesson 2

Green Operational Tools and Techniques

Learning Outcomes
• To understand the impact the different modes
of transport have on the environment.
• To suggest alternative methods of operating to
reduce the impact of Fright transport on the
environment.
GHG Emissions by Industrial Sector

GHG emissions
from Transport in
the EU have
increased by
around 20% since
1990. By
comparison
Industry has
reduced by 60%.
GHG’s by mode. Civil aviation
is the worst
offender
Greenhouse Gas Emissions (GHG) from Transport by Mode, including International Bunkers: EU-28 increasing
1990=1
2.00 GHG by 80%
1.80
since 1990.
1.60
By
1.40 comparison
1.20 road
1.00 transport
0.80
has
increased by
0.60
only 20%
0.40 and railways
1990

1991

1992

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014
1993

2015
has reduced
Total Civil Aviation Road Transportation Railways *** Total Navigation by 40%.
Other Total transport

Standard Date CO (g/kWh) NOx (g/kWh) HC (g/kWh) PM (g/kWh)

Euro 0 1988–92 12.3 15.8 2.6 NA

The introduction of strict new vehicle
Euro I 1992–95 4.9 9 1.23 0.4 emission standards by the EU has
Euro II 1995–99 4 7 1.1 0.15
significantly reduced C02 produced
Euro III 1999–2005 2.1 5 0.66 0.1 by LGV’s.
Euro IV 2005–08 1.5 3.5 0.46 0.02

Euro V 2008–12 1.5 2 0.46 0.02

Vehicle emissions by mode
EC (kj/tkm) CO (g/tkm) Nox (mg/tkm) SO² (mg/tkm) NMHC Pm
(mg/tkm) (mg/tkm)

Aircraft 9,876 656 3,253 864 389 46

Truck Euro 1 1,086 72 683 75 21

> 34 t – 40 t Euro 2 1044 69 755 55 10

Euro 3 1082 72 553 90 54 12

Euro 4 1050 70 353 59 2

Euro 5 996 66 205 58 2

Train Diesel 530 35 549 44 62 17

Electric 456 18 32 64 4 4.6

Waterway Upstream 727 49 839 82 84 26

Downstream 438 29 506 49 51 16

EC = energy consumption. NMHC = non-methane hydrocarbons

Source: IFEU in McKinnon et al 2010
Impact of E-Commerce?

CO2 Emissions from Road Transport, by Transport Mean: EU-28

Whilst LGV CO2
1990=1
emissions have been
1.80

1.70
reducing since 2007,
1.60
C02 emissions from
1.50
light vans has
1.40
increased by 50%.
1.30

1.20

1.10

1.00

0.90

0.80
1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015
2001

2008

Cars Light duty trucks Heavy duty trucks and buses Total road transport
Diesel. Still the fuel of choice
• Still currently today’s freight fuel of choice
• Trucks contribute approximately 6% to global
CO₂ emissions
• Improvements have been made and today’s 40
tonne trucks burn approx. ⅓ less fuel than 40
years ago
• The latest Euro 5 vehicle models emit only
10% of the emissions made by trucks 30 years
ago
Alternative Fuels

Compressed and
Liquefied Natural Gas
(CNG and LNG) liquefied
Petroleum Gas (LPG) Bio fuels
Hybrid drive

Electric
Hydrogen fuel cell
Fed
Toyota port of LA Ex
Waitrose – The Biomethane fleet
• UK retailer Waitrose is trialling 12 CNG bio methane
trucks in its fleet.
• Each truck has a range of 500 miles.
• Powered 100% by bio methane created from waste
food material.
• The “food scrap” fleet is 40% less expensive to run
than diesel.
• 70% less CO2 is generated by each truck.
• The methane is produced from decomposing food
waste.
• Each truck costs 50% more than a standard diesel
truck.
• But due to longer lifespan and lower operating costs
each truck will on average save £100k.

“Using bio methane will deliver significant

environmental and operational benefits to our
business”

Justin Laney General Manager, Central Transport, John

CILT 2017
The end of the road for oil ?
UK plans to
China looks at plans ban sale of
Jaguar Land
to ban petrol and new petrol and
Rover to
diesel cars diesel cars by
make only
electric or 2040
hybrid cars
France to 'ban all petrol and from 2020
diesel vehicles by 2040'

DEATH KNELL FOR DIESEL Volvo to

STOP making petrol and diesel cars
from 2019 in favour of electric or hybrid
models
Volvo will introduce five new 100%
electric models with battery power on all
other cars
Other innovations

New construction materials

Volvo
Aerodynamic trailers driverless
truck

Quieter trucks

Solar powered refrigeration

KERS
Retailer’s environmental targets – Plan A
Since 2007 Marks and
Spencer has reduced its
absolute operational carbon
footprint by 70%
• Making all M&S packaging ‘widely recyclable’; 
• Raising £25 million for charities tackling cancer, heart
disease, mental health problems, loneliness and dementia; 
• At least half of food sales coming from healthier products; 
• Colleagues completing one million hours of work-time
community volunteering;
• All key raw materials M&S uses coming from sustainable
sources; 
• A new 10 community pilot that will see M&S work with
local councils and charity partners to support communities to
deliver positive, measurable change, the results of which will
be rolled out to 100 locations.
Other innovations - Sea
YARA Birkeland: With a capacity of 150 TEUs,
world’s first fully YARA will reduce diesel-
electric and powered truck haulage by
autonomous 40,000 journeys a year.
container ship with
zero emissions

Rotor sails – Magnus Effect

Solar powered sails
Other innovations - Air

Solar Impulse flew around the Biofuel planes

world on just the power of the sun

787 Dreamliner composite

Hybrid airships construction saves 20% more fuel.
Other innovations - Rail

Solar assisted trains

'World's first' hydrogen-powered trains are now in service Greener, quieter and more
across Germany: efficient - has Rolls-Royce
created the train of the
Eco-friendly engines can cover 620 miles on a single tank of fuel future?
and produce only water vapour.

•Two bright blue Coradia iLint trains have begun running on a

62-mile route 

•The locomotives were built by French firm Alstom who make

the TGV bullet train 
Hybrid diesel electric trains
•Hydrogen fuel cells create electricity by mixing hydrogen and
oxygen together

•A further 14 of the green transportation vehicles will go into

service in 2021
The Wheel of Green Logistics
Green Operational Tools and Techniques
• Unitisation
• Packaging
• Reverse Logistics
• Recycling
• Waste Management
Unitisation
• Movement of goods in a single unit by..
• ISO container (containerisation)

• 18,000 containers: Enough to fill Times Square

• Maersk Triple-E: What can actually fit inside its belly?
Unitisation
• On a pallet (palletisation)
Unitisation
• In Igloos (airfreight)

• A day at H.Essers Air Cargo Logistics

Unitisation
• Roll cages, cage pallets, etc
Unitisation
• Movement of goods in a single unit by..
• ISO container (containerisation)
• On a pallet (palletisation)
• In Igloos (airfreight)
• Roll cages, stackable cages, etc

• Goods are moved in a set amount and do not need to

be handled during transit other than in those units
Unitisation example
• Delivery of cartons and bottles of milk to
supermarkets
• In stainless steel, wheeled trollies
• Rolled out straight to display
• Customers select what they want
• Reduces energy, damages, loss and waste
• Reduces inventory levels throughout supply chain
• Speeds up transit times
• Improves security
Packaging
• Links with waste management, reverse logistics,
recycling and unitisation
• Packaging serves what two purposes?
• Protects goods and also
• Advertises goods
Packaging
• Protection of goods reduces damages, losses and
waste
• Hazard identification reduces potential risk to people
and environment
• Special instructions reduce damage and waste
Packaging
• Advertising enables packaging to be minimised
• How?
• Only one carton suitable for display purposes required
instead of outer and inner cartons
• Reduces waste and weight of consignment
• Saves energy and reduces need for reverse logistics
activity
• Lean to reduce packaging waste
Reverse Logistics
• What is it?
• Re-positioning and return of resources so that they
may be used time and time again
• Returning waste, damaged goods and other items
back along supply chain
Reverse Logistics
• Returning waste
• Ensures precious resources conserved, waste
minimised, recycling maximised, vehicles better
utilised and costs reduced
Recycling
• Local authorities and governments have targets to
meet in regard to recycling
• Advantages of recycling in relation to sustainability are
definite and obvious
• Scrapped cars no longer crushed but stripped of all
usable parts and anything else that can be recycled
• Volkswagen Total Vehicle Recycling
Waste management
• Waste as something simply discarded no longer exists
• Much waste needs be recycled
• Waste needs to be treated in accordance with
legislative constraints
Waste management
• Waste can only be handled by properly licensed waste
management companies
• Waste needs to be held, transferred, stored and
treated at properly licensed waste transfer stations
Waste management
• Means many logistics and supply chain organisations
therefore need be licensed
• For what?
• So can deal with items such as:
• Damaged goods
• Goods that have been replaced by a new purchase
(washing machine, refrigerator, TV, etc)
• Packaging returned to original distribution centre from
various points of sale or use
Waste management
• Proper management of waste acts to improve
sustainability of operations
• How?
• By ensuring that we are compliant with full
requirements relating to environmental protection
• Don't waste your waste