If Development is not

Engendered, it is
Endangered
Gender Concepts
Gender…

Refers to the economic, social, political, and

cultural attributes and opportunities associated
with being male or female.

The social definitions of what it means to be a

woman or a man vary among cultures and
change over time.

OECD, 1998
Sex…

Refers to the biological differences between males

and females. Sex differences are concerned with
males’ and females’ physiology.
Gender Equity & Equality

Gender Equity
Process of being fair to women and men, including using measures to compensate for
historical and social disadvantages that prevent men and women from operating on a level
playing field.
CIDA, 1996
Gender Equality
The state or condition that affords women and men equal enjoyment of human rights,
socially valued goods, opportunities, and resources.
SIDA, 1997
Gender Integration & Mainstreaming

Gender Integration
Refers to strategies applied in program assessment, design, implementation, and
evaluation to take gender norms into account and to compensate for gender-based
inequalities.
Gender Mainstreaming
The process of incorporating a gender perspective into policies, strategies, programs,
project activities, and administrative functions, as well as institutional culture of an
organization.
Women’s Empowerment & CME

Women’s Empowerment
Improving the status of women to enhance their decision-making capacity at all
levels, especially as it relates to their sexuality and reproductive health.

Constructive Male Engagement

Involves men in actively promoting gender equity with regard to reproductive
health, increases men's support for women's reproductive health and children's
well-being, and advances the reproductive health of both men and women.
Homophobia & Heterosexism

Homophobia
Fear of, aversion to, or discrimination against homosexuals or
homosexual behavior or cultures. Homophobia also refers to the
self-loathing by homosexuals as well as the fear of men who do not
live up to society’s standards of what it is to be a “true man.”
Heterosexism
The presumption that everyone is heterosexual and/or the belief that
heterosexual people are naturally superior to homosexual and
bisexual people.
Gender Integration
Continuum
Gender Integration Continuum
 Overview of USAID ADS
Requirements and USG HIV/AIDS
Legislation
USAID, Gender, and Development

Through attention to gender issues, our

development assistance programs will be more
equitable, more effective and— ultimately—more
sustainable.

~ USAID Gender Plan of Action, 1996

USAID, Gender, and Development

ADS 201.3.9.3 Gender Analysis

MANDATORY. Gender issues are central to the achievement of strategic
plans and Assistance Objectives (AO) and USAID strives to promote
gender equality... Accordingly, USAID planning in the development of
strategic plans and AOs must take into account gender roles and
relationships. Gender analysis can help guide long term planning and
ensure desired results are achieved. However, gender is not a separate
topic to be analyzed and reported on in isolation. USAID’s gender
integration approach requires that gender analysis be applied to the
range of technical issues that are considered in the development of
strategic plans, AOs, and projects/activities.

ADS 201.3.9.3 (March 2010)

ADS: Key Questions for Planning

1. How will the different roles and status of women and

men within the community, political sphere, workplace,
and household (for example, roles in decision-making
and different access to and control over resources and
services) affect the work to be undertaken?

2. How will the anticipated results of the work affect

women and men differently?

ADS 201.3.9.3 (March 2010)

ADS Requirements, March 2010

Long-Term Planning: “USAID planning in the development of strategic

plans and AOs must take into account gender roles and relationships.
Gender analysis can help guide long term planning and ensure desired
results are achieved. However, gender is not a separate topic to be
analyzed and reported on in isolation. USAID’s gender integration
approach requires that gender analysis be applied to the range of
technical issues that are considered in the development of
strategic plans, AOs, programs and activities.” ADS 201.3.9.3

Project and Activity Planning: “All projects and activities must

address gender issues in a manner consistent with the findings of
any analytical work performed during development of the
Mission’s long-term plan (see 201.3.9.3) or for project or activity
design…The conclusion of any gender analyses must be documented
in the Activity Approval Document (AAD). If the AO team determines
that gender is not a significant issue, this must be stated in the Activity
Approval Document.” ADS 201.3.11.6
ADS Requirements, March 2010

Performance Indicators: “In order to ensure that USAID assistance

makes the optimal contribution to gender equality, performance
management systems and evaluations must include gender-
sensitive indicators and sex-disaggregated data when the technical
analysis supporting an AO, project or activity demonstrates that

• The different roles and status of women and men within the
community, political sphere, workplace, and household (for example,
roles in decision-making and different access to and control over
resources and services) affect the activities to be undertaken; and

• The anticipated results of the work would affect women and men
differently.” (ADS 203.3.4.3)
ADS Requirements, March 2010

Issuance and Evaluation of Competitive Solicitations: Similar requirements for

contracts (see ADS 302.3.5.15) and grants/cooperative agreements/APS ( see ADS
303.3.6.3).

• Contract or Agreement Officer must ensure that the requiring office integrates
gender issues in the procurement request, or includes a rationale for not integrating
gender.
– Gender should not be addressed as a stand-alone issue. Rather, solicitation
documents must use the findings of gender analysis to integrate gender issues
into the appropriate performance requirements (e.g., Program Description, key
personnel qualifications, evaluation requirements, etc.).
• Contract or Agreement Officer must ensure that, if gender is integrated into performance
components, that gender is also reflected in the corresponding technical
evaluation or selection criteria.
– Gender should not be a separate evaluation or selection criteria. Rather, gender
should be integrated into technical criteria for each performance component.
Gender in the Foreign Assistance Framework

• Two gender sub-Key Issues are identified in the

Operational Plan:
– Increasing Gender Equity
– Reducing Gender-based Violence

• The sub-Key Issues cut across all Functional

Objectives
• All individual-level indicators to be disaggregated by
sex
Global Health Initiative: the Woman and Girl-
Centered Approach

• Increases funding for maternal and child health, family planning, nutrition, and HIV/AIDS.

• Supports long-term, systemic changes to remove gender-related barriers to women’s

participation in health-sector decisionmaking.

• Requires gender analysis for all USG-supported health programs.

• Integrates health programs with activities from other sectors (education, economic
development, etc.).

• Seeks to improve monitoring, evaluation, and research.

• Includes a special focus on adolescent girls.

• Works with partner governments to support gender equity.

Gender and PEPFAR
USG Global Five-year HIV/AIDS Strategy (PEPFAR I)

• Recognizes gender inequality as driving HIV and

contributing to the devastation of HIV/AIDS

• Calls for efforts to target men with messages that

challenge norms about masculinity

• Calls for efforts to mitigate and reduce violence

• Gaps—especially in the areas of treatment and

care
PEPFAR II vs. PEPFAR I: Increased Focus on
Women and Girls

PEPFAR I:
• “Gender” not mentioned
• Requires PEPFAR strategy to specifically address needs and
vulnerability of women and girls

• Requires reporting of indicators related to reaching women and

girls in annual reports

• PMTCT emphasized and annual reports on PMTCT required; includes

target of “meeting or exceeding the goal to reduce the rate of mother-
to-child transmission of HIV by 20 percent by 2005 and by 50 percent
by 2010”
PEPFAR II vs. PEPFAR I: Increased Focus on
Women and Girls

PEPFAR II:
• Addressing multiple concurrent sexual partnering as supported prevention
activity

• Includes greater emphasis and more explicit emphasis on women and girls,
particularly related to PMTCT and families, and adds language about gender
and gender related vulnerabilities to HIV

• Changes subtitle B of legislation from “Assistance for Children and Families” to

“Assistance for Women, Children and Families” with target of 80% coverage for
PMTCT, annual report on PMTCT, and establishment of PMTCT expert panel

• Specifically requires that global HIV/AIDS prevention strategy address

vulnerabilities of women and youth to HIV infection, and seek to reduce factors
that lead to gender disparities in HIV
PEPFAR II vs. PEPFAR I: Increased Focus on
Women and Girls

PEPFAR II, continued:

• Adds more detailed accountability measures on reaching women and
girls and gender-specific accountability measures

• Requires IOM to include assessment of efforts to address gender-

specific aspects of HIV/AIDS, including gender related constraints to
accessing services and addressing underlying social and economic
vulnerabilities of women and men, in its evaluation

• Includes sense of Congress concerning need and urgency of

expanding range of female-controlled HIV prevention
Gender in PEPFAR Strategy

• Two-pronged approach:
– Gender integration in all program areas (prevention, care,
and treatment)
– Programming along five strategic, cross-cutting areas

• Implementation: 5-year country strategies, COP

technical guidance and review, TA, and resources
from Gender Technical Working Group (GTWG),
gender focal points/advisors
 “Fighting the gendered dynamic
that is frequently transmitted with
the disease itself must become a
critical component of any expanded
HIV-prevention programs in the
next phase of U.S. HIV/AIDS
efforts.”

Senator Russell Feingold, May 2007

Five Key Legislative Issues: PEPFAR I

• Increasing gender equity in HIV/AIDS

activities and services
• Reducing violence and coercion
• Addressing male norms and behaviors
• Increasing women’s legal protection
• Increasing women’s access to income and productive
resources
1. Increasing gender equity

PEPFAR-supported programs should promote

proactive and innovative strategies to ensure that
men and women and girls and boys have access to
prevention, care, and treatment services. This
includes tailoring services to meet the unique needs
of various beneficiary groups.
2. Addressing male norms and behaviors

Men can play a critical role in promoting gender

equity, preventing violence, and promoting sexual
and reproductive health. Recognizing that men can
either impede or promote health interventions,
PEPFAR encourages country teams to develop
programs that promote positive male engagement
and behavior change.
3. Reducing violence and coercion

Women who live in fear for their lives (and their

children’s lives) and who are unable to make their
own decisions about sex are at a greatly increased
risk of becoming infected with HIV. … Reducing
violence against women increases their access to
services and their ability to negotiate safer sex and
take advantage of education and employment
activities.
4. Increasing women’s access to income and productive resources

PEPFAR recognizes that women’s and girl’s lack of

economic assets increase their vulnerabilities to HIV.
Providing women with economic opportunities
(increasing access to employment, training, and
microfinance activities) empowers them to avoid
high-risk behaviors, seek and receive healthcare
services, and better care for their families.
5. Increasing women’s legal protection

Many of the norms and practices that increase

women’s vulnerability to HIV and limit their capacity
to deal with its consequences are reinforced by
policies, laws, and legal practices that discriminate
against women. Women denied enforceable legal
rights and protections, including property and
inheritance rights, are often unable to meet the basic
needs of survival for themselves and their children,
increasing their vulnerability to HIV.
Gender Analysis &
Integration
Gender
Analysis
What is Gender Analysis?

Gender analysis draws on social science methods to

examine relational differences in women’s and
men’s and girls’ and boys’
• roles and identities
• needs and interests
• access to and exercise of power
and the impact of these differences in their lives
and health.
How does Gender Analysis help us design and
manage better health programs?

Through data collection and analysis, it identifies

and interprets …

– consequences of gender differences and

relations for achieving health objectives, and

– implications of health interventions for

changing relations of power between
women and men.
Different approaches, but two fundamental questions

• How will gender relations affect the

achievement of sustainable results?

• How will proposed results affect the

relative status of men and women? (i.e.,
will it exacerbate inequalities or
accommodate or transform gender
relations?)
To understand gender relations …

Examine different domains of gender relations

POWER

 Practices, Roles, and Participation

 Knowledge, Beliefs, and Perceptions
 Access to Resources
 Rights and Status

POWER
Different Contexts

Gender constraints and opportunities need to be

investigated in specific contexts, as they vary over
time and across …

Social Relationships Sociocultural Contexts

• Partnerships • Ethnicity
• Households • Class
• Communities • Race
• Civil society and governmental • Residence
organizations/institutions • Age
What different constraints and opportunities
do women and men face?

• How do gender relations (in different

domains of activity) affect the
achievement of sustainable results?

• How will proposed results affect the

relative status of men and women (in
different domains of activity)?
Different Domains of Gender Analysis

Knowledge, beliefs
and perceptions
Legal rights
and status
Access to
assets
Practices, roles
and participation
Different Domains of Gender Analysis

Knowledge, beliefs
and perceptions
Legal rights
and status
Access to
assets
Practices, roles
and participation
Practices, Roles, and Participation

Gender structures peoples’ behaviors and actions —

what they do (Practices), the way they carry out what
they do (Roles), and how and where they spend their
time (Participation).

Participation
• Activities
• Meetings
• Political processes
• Services
• Training courses
Knowledge, Beliefs, and Perceptions

• Knowledge that men and

women are privy to —who
knows what
• Beliefs (ideology) about how
men and women and boys
and girls should conduct
their daily lives
• Perceptions that guide how
people interpret aspects of
their lives differently
depending on their gender
identity
Access to Assets

The capacity to access resources necessary to be a

fully active and productive participant in society
(socially, economically, and politically).

Assets
•Natural and productive
resources
•Information
•Education
•Social capital
•Income
•Services
•Employment
•Benefits
Legal Rights and Status

Refers to how gender

affects the way people are Rights
regarded and treated by • Inheritance
both customary law and the • Legal documents
formal legal code and • Identity cards
judicial system.
• Property titles
• Voter registration
• Reproductive choice
• Representation
• Due process
Power

Gender relations influence people’s ability to freely decide,

influence, control, enforce, and to engage in collective actions.

Decisions about …
• One’s body
• Children
• Affairs of household, community,
municipality, and state
• Use of individual economic
resources and income
• Choice of employment
• Voting, running for office, and
legislating
• Entering into legal contracts
• Moving about and associating with
2005 Kevin McNulty, Courtesy of Photoshare
others
In short, Gender Analysis reveals …

Gender-based Gender-based
Opportunities Constraints
= gender relations = gender relations
(in different domains) (in different domains)
that facilitate men’s or that inhibit men’s or
women’s access to women’s access to
resources or resources or
opportunities of any opportunities of any
type. type.
Integrating Gender
into the
Program Cycle
Strategic Information and Program Life Cycle

ASSESSMENT
What is the nature of
the (health) problem?

EVALUATION
How do I know that the strategy is working?
1
How do I judge if the intervention is making a STRATEGIC PLANNING
difference? What primary objectives should my
2 program pursue to address this

5 problem?

4 3
DESIGN
MONITORING What strategy, interventions, and
How do I know the activities are being implemented as approaches should my program
designed? How much does implementation vary from site to use to achieve these priorities?
site? How can the program become more efficient or effective?
Moving from Analysis to Action

Based on the analysis of gender constraints

and opportunities . . .
1. Specify sub-objectives and activities

2. Tie indicators to change in specific

gender constraints and opportunities
Integrating Gender Into Programming (Table 1)
Program goal and/or overall health objective: ______________________________________________________

Step 1: Conduct a gender analysis of your program by answering the following questions for your
program goal or objective.

A. What are the key B. What other potential C. What are the gender- D. What are the
gender relations inherent information is missing but based constraints to gender-based
in each domain (the needed about gender reaching program opportunities to
domains are listed below) relations? objectives? reaching program
that affect women and girls objectives?
and men and boys?
Be sure to consider these relations in different contexts—individual, partners, family and communities,
healthcare and other institutions, policies
       
Practices, roles, and    
   
participation    
     
   
      
Knowledge, beliefs,    
   
perceptions    
(some of which are norms):  
   
 
   
Access to assets:  
 
   
    
 
Legal rights and status:
 
  
Power and decision making:
 
 
 
Integrating Gender into Programming (Table 2)
Steps 2-5: Using the information you entered in Table 1, answer the following questions for your program
goal/objective.

Step 2. What gender-integrated
objectives can you include in your
strategic planning to address
gender-based opportunities or
constraints?
Step 3. What proposed activities can you
design to address gender-based opportunities
or constraints?
Steps 4 & 5. What indicators for
monitoring and evaluation will show
if (1) the gender-based opportunity
has been taken advantage of or (2)
the gender-based constraint has
been removed?
Small Group Work

Instructions for Exercise

• Read your assigned case study, considering your group’s focus

• See flipchart for your group’s details

• Complete Table 1, identifying gender-based opportunities,

constraints, and missing information

• Complete Table 2, identifying gender sub-objectives, activities,

and indicators

• Record highlights of your responses on flipchart paper

 Getting Started: Available Resources

• USAID Interagency Gender Working Group http://www.igwg.org

• USAID Global Health

http://www.usaid.gov/
our_work/global_health/

• USAID Women in
Development Office
http://www.usaid.gov/
our_work/cross-cutting_
programs/wid/

• PEPFAR Gender
Technical Working
Group
2006 Elizabeth Neason
Thank You!