General Medicine

MED 501
3(2-1)

Dr. Farrah Deeba

Assistant Professor
 Medicine
• The art of healing
• Practice of medicine

i.Principles on which diseases acts on the body

ii. Remedies produce their effects

Adaptation of these principles to the treatment and

prevention of disease is medicine
 History of Veterinary
Medicine

1761…Lyon (France)…..First veterinary school

1863….The American Veterinary Medical Association
1870……First Veterinary School….Iowa (USA)
Ashoka …First Veterinary Hospital
 Complementary and Alternative Medicine

• Complementary Medicine
• Used together with conventional medicine
• Alternative Medicine
• It is used in place of conventional medicine
• Treatment of cancer with special diet instead of
chemotherapy,radiotherapy or surgery
• Ethno-veterinary Medicine
• Application of indigenous knowledge to treat animal diseases
• Indigenous health care system…traditional
beliefs,skills,knowledge etc.
 Scientific Medicine

Art of treatment based on anatomical ,physiological ,chemical

investigation is scientific medicine

Art of treatment based on the observations and experiences as a

source of knowledge
also termed as Quackery

A person who pretend to be skilled and knowledgeable is a quack

 Veterinary Medicine
• Diagnosis,treatment and control of disease in
animals
• Farm(food) animal medicine
• Pet(companion )animal medicine
• Clinical Medicine
Therapeutic /internal/curative
It is a branch of medicine which covers the art of achieving correct diagnosis
and treatment of sick animals
 Preventive Medicine

• Maintaining health of animal by preventive and control

measures against disease well before its occurrence
Disease
Nutrition and environment adequate……but deviation from
normal physiology

Health
Physical mental and social well being………(humans)
Maximum economical livestock production…..(Farm animals)
 Sign and Symptoms

Objective evidence of disease

Signs and symptoms used synonymously

Objective Symptoms
Discovered during clinical examination

Subjective symptoms
ii.Subjective Symptoms
Flank watching
 Symptoms ……

Premonitory /precursory…… early phase of the disease shivering

Direct/Idiopathic……..reflect primary disease……dysentery

Mucous and tenesmus

Indirect symptoms…..vomiting…..pyelonephritis

Typical symptoms
Characteristic symptoms with diagnostic value
Crepitation in muscles…..Black leg (Cl.chauvoei)
Atypical symptoms………nervous signs in coccidiosis
Periodical symptoms

• Symptoms disappear and reappear with due coarse of time

in a disease process
• Fever in Trypanosomiasis.
Pathognomonic symptoms
• Definitely or directly point to a particular disease
• Lock jaw
• Tarry blood from natural orifices
• Lesion
• Pathological or structural changes in organ detectable
either by naked eye or microscopically
 Prognostic symptoms

• Symptoms frame the basis for a clinician to determine

the outcome of a disease
• High blood urea ……grave situation
• Prognosis
• Opinion….probable outcome of disease
• Favorable,doubtful,poor,hopeless,or grave
• Prognosis imp
Complication

• A morbid condition…not due to primary

factor…..decubitus …..prolonged recombancy
• Sequelae
• Pathological change after apparent recovery…
• Defect from original disease….roaring(strangles)
• Convalescence
• A state patient passes after prolonged illnesstill
• Maximum production(health)
Diagnosis

• (Dia=thorough , Gnosis=knowledge)
• Art to recognize and determine nature of disease and
its distinction from other morbid conditions
• Imp and difficult
• Animals with various normal physiological behaviour
• Animals don’t cooperate while clinical examination
• Lack of laboratory facilities
• Skills and personal experience
Clinical Diagnosis

• Based on history,signs/symptoms
• Differential Diagnosis
• Comparison made on basis of symptoms and rule-out
presence of other disease (blood in urine )
• Laboratory Diagnosis
• Information obtained through laboratory procedures
• New techniques e.g. endoscopy, ultrasound ,radiography etc.
• Postmortem diagnosis
• Based on PM lesions in dead animal,…due to specific
disease
Therapeutic Diagnosis

• Based on the clinical recovery from any disease following

treatment with pharmaceuticals e.g.milk fever calcium therapy
• Tentative Diagnosis
• Based on clinical observations not with solid evidence…may
have some doubts
• Confirmatory Diagnosis
• denotes actual disease condition supported by
• Lab.
• PM
• Therapeutic Diagnosis
 Symptomatic Diagnosis
• Based on some leading symptoms
• Treatment or therapy
• To bring the animal back to its normal state of health as
quickly and completely as possible
• Economic aspect of treatment
• Cost should not exceed…..value of the animal
• Protocol of Treatment
• Specific treatment
• Treatment directed…etiology if known…..remove/overcome
cause
Anthelmintics….Helminthiasis
Penicillin…… Strangles
Adrenaline….. Anaphylaxis

• Symptomatic Treatment
• Basis of most of the therapeutic protocols
• Antipyretics….. fever
• Astringents……. diarrhoea
• Expectorants …. Bronchitis
• Supportive Treatment
• During the convalescence period
• Treatment of complications
• Following recovery from primary disease
• Palliative Treatment…incurable disease just to prolong life span