Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Ultrasonic Testing
Part 4
mmz 2003
Ultrasonic Testing
Sensitivity
Defectsizing
Scanning procedures
mmz 2003
Sensitivity
The ability of an ultrasonic system
to find the smallest specified defect
at the maximum testing range
Depends upon
Probe and flaw detector combination
Material properties
Probe frequency
mmz 2003
Methods of Setting Sensitivity
Smallest defect at maximum test
range
Back wall echo
Disc equivalent
Grass levels
Notches
mmz 2003
Artificial / actual defect
mmz 2003
Sizing Methods
6 dB Drop
For sizing large planar reflectors only
Signal / echo reduced to half the height
Example:
100% to 50%
80% to 40%
70% to 35%
20% to 10%
mmz 2003
6 dB Drop
Defect BWE
mmz 2003
6 dB Drop
Defect
Plan View
mmz 2003
6 dB Drop
Defect BWE
mmz 2003
Maximum Amplitude
mmz 2003
Maximum Amplitude
If the edge of the beam strike At this point the MAIN BEAM is
the edge of the defect, a very directly at the edge of the defect
small echo appears
mmz 2003
Maximum Amplitude
Remember: The peak which maximised does
not have to be the tallest or the first one
Length
10%
When the main beam is on the defect the defect signal is at it maximum
Weld body
Transverse scan
mmz 2003
Scanning Procedure
Parent Material
0 degree both sides
mmz 2003
Scanning Procedure
Transverse
70 degree
mmz 2003
Nozzle Welds
Scanning procedure
mmz 2003
Tee butt welds
mmz 2003
Defect Identification
Echodynamics
Defect characterisation
mmz 2003
Echodynamics
Crack
Lack of fusion,Gas pore
Porosity
Slag inclusion
mmz 2003
Defect characterisation
Signal amplitude Probe manipulation
Lateral Depth
Orbital Swivel
mmz 2003
H0 Sine I Vel in Material 1
dB 20 Log..10
H1 Sine R Vel in Material 2
2
Z1 Z 2 V
100 % reflected
Z1 Z 2 f
K KV
Sine or
2 D Df
2 2
D D f
Near Zone
4 mmz 2003
4V
mmz 2003
mmz 2003
Weld inspection
s sd' = a - x
s = sound path
sd = surface distance
d' = s cosß sd‘ = reduced surface distance
0 2 4 6 8 10
d = 2T - t' d = actual depth
T = material thickness
sd s
40 30 20 10
sd'
ß d
T
mmz 2003
WELDING DEFECTS
Root Toe
2 T R
3 T R 0 2 4 6 8 10
mmz 2003
0 2 4 6 8 10