5.

SMALL INTESTINE
• Roles: digest food and absorb nutrients,
absorption of food juices into the gut wall
(by diffusion, osmosis, facilitated
diffusion, endocytosis, and active transport)
• Consist of:
a. Duodenum
b. Jejunum
c. Ileum
a. DUODENUM
• Role: receives chyme from stomach and the
enzymes of digestive glands
• There are 2 openings in duodenum that come
from:
– Liver and Gall Bladder
– Pancreas
LIVER AND GALL BLADDER
Liver: secreting bile
that stored in gall
bladder, flowed
through hepatic ducts
(ductus hepaticus)

Bile: contains bile salts

(play role in fat
hydrolysis), bile
secreted by gall
bladder to duodenum
through bile duct
LIVER AND GALL BLADDER
• Another function of Liver:
– excretion of bilirubin: derived from old RBC,
absorb by liver from blood vessel and secrete
to bile. Bilirubin metabolized by bacteria in
small intestine and excreted with feces
– maintain normal blood sugar levels: if the
blood sugar is low, liver will break down
glycogen into glucose and flow into the blood,
if blood sugar is high (after the meal), liver
will change glucose into glycogen and
triglycerides for storage
– fat and protein metabolism
– processing drugs and hormones back
PANCREAS
Pancreas: secrete
pancreatic juices to
duodenum through
pancreatic duct

Pancreatic juices:
•Sodium
Neutralize the intestinal acidity bicarbonate
Starch  maltose & glucose •Amylase
•Lipase
Fat  fatty acids & monoglycerides •Trypsin &
chymotrypsin
Break down protein molecules •Peptidase
Peptides  amino acid •Nuclease

Nucleic acid (RNA & DNA)  nucleotides

PANCREAS
• pancreatic juice secreted under the influence
of hormones.
• If the acidic stomach contents get in to the
duodenum, certain cells in the duodenum will
be releasing hormone secretin and
cholecystokinin (CCK) in the blood.
• If the hormone secretin reaches the pancreas
it will stimulate the release of pancreatic
juice, whereas CCK hormone stimulates the
gallbladder to release bile (contains bile
salts and bilirubin) that can emulsify fats
next
b. JEJUNUM
• Chemically digestion occurs
• Several enzyme that produced:
ENZYME FUNCTION
Enterokinase Activate trypsinogen (produced by pancreas) into trypsin
Lactase Convert lactose into glucose and galactose
Disaccharase Maltase Convert maltose into glucose and glucose
Sucrase Convert sucrose into glucose and fructose
Erepsin Convert dipeptide (peptone) into amino acid
Lipase Convert triglycerides into glycerol and fatty acids
• food digestion is completed in the jejunum
with the end result is nutrient of food (sari
makanan) that is ready to be absorbed
c. ILEUM
• Where nutrients are absorbed
• In ileum there are finger-like structure
called villi (jonjot usus)
• It is a folding of intestinal wall that
functions to absorb nutrients.
• The structure of microvilli in villi are to
enlarge the surface area so that the
absorption of food more efficiently
FOOD ABSORPTION
• Carbohydrates: carbohydrates are absorbed in the form
of monosaccharaides (glucose). Glucose is absorbed by
capillaries that are in the intestine and then
transported to the liver. In the liver, glucose is:
– Converted into glycogen and stored in the body
– Distributed to all organs of the body that need it
• Protein: protein is absorbed in the form of amino
acids by capillaries in the intestine and then
transported to the liver and it will be changed as
needed
• Fat: fat is absorbed in the form of fatty acid and
glycerol by kil vessel (lymph vessel that located in
the intestine) and transported to vein under clavicle
6. COLON
• Not all food is absorbed in the ileum. The
food is not absorbed will get into the colon
• Food (chyme) that enters colon still contains
high water content
• the colon does not play a major role in
absorption of foods and nutrients
• Roles of colon:
– Absorb water from chyme (osmoregulation)
– Produce vitamin K and vitamin H (biotin) as a result
of symbiosis with gut bacteria, such as E. coli
– Formed feces
– push the rest of the food products of digestion
(feces) to rectum by peristalsis movement
COLON STRUCTURE
• Divided
into 4
areas:
– Ascending
colon,
– Transverse
colon,
– Descending
colon,
– Sigmoid
colon
7. RECTUM
• is the final straight
portion of the large
intestine in some
• The human rectum is
about 12cm
• Acts as a temporary
storage site for
feces
• When rectum is full,
then there will be a
stimulus for
defecation. This
stimulation is called
gastrocolic
8. ANUS
• An opening at the
opposite end of
the digestive
tract
• Sphincter muscle
composed of 2
layers:
– Smooth muscles:
internal sphincter
muscle layer
– Striated muscles:
external sphincter
muscle layer