DIGESTION AND ABSORPTION

Human Dentition –
Thecodont 

Diphyodont

Heterodont 
• The opening of stomach is
guarded by a sphincter
(gastro-oesophageal).

• Stomach is divided into three

parts- cardiac, fundic and
pyloric.
Serosa
outermost layer / made up of a thin
mesothelium
with some connective tissues.

Muscularis
smooth muscles / inner circular /
outer longitudinal layer

Submucosa
loose connective tissues
containing nerves, blood and
lymph vessels.
Mucosa
Innermost layer lining the
lumen/rugae in the stomach/ villi in
the small intestine
Goblet Cells
 Digestive Glands
Salivary glands
-the parotids (cheek),
the submaxillary/sub-mandibular (lower jaw)
the sub- linguals (below the tongue)
Liver
-hepatic lobules
-Bile- hepatic cells- hepatic ducts- gall bladder
Pancreas
-exocrine portion secretes an alkaline pancreatic juice
-endocrine portion secretes hormones, insulin and glucagon
 DIGESTION AND ABSORPTION

MOUTH
• Salivary amylase breaks down starch into maltose.

STOMACH
 Mucosa of stomach have gastric glands having three types of cells
(i) mucus neck cells which secrete mucus;
(ii) peptic or chief cells which secrete the proenzyme pepsinogen; and
(iii) parietal or oxyntic cells which secrete HCl and intrinsic factor
 HCl activates the pepsinogen to pepsin to digest protein into PEPTONES AND PROTEOSES.
SMALL INTESTINE
• The Bile, pancreatic juice and intestinal juice are released in small intestine.

• Pancreatic juice contain inactive -trypsinogen,

chymotrypsinogen and
procarboxypeptidases,
• amylases, lipases and nucleases.

•Secretion of brush border cells of mucosa and goblet cells is called succus entericus or
intestinal juice

•This juice contains a variety of enzymes like disaccharidases (e.g., maltase,lactase,sucrase),

dipeptidases, lipases, nucleosidases, enterokinase etc.
-Trypsinogen is activated by enzyme enterokinase which secreted by the intestinal mucosa in to
trypsin.

- Trypsin activates chymotrypsinogen and procarboxypeptidases into chymotrypsin and carboxypeptidase.

 • Digestion of proteins

Stomach

Gastric juice
Small intestine

Pancreatic juice

Succus entericus
• Digestion of Carbohydrates
 • Digestion of Carbohydrates
Buccal cavity

Saliva

Small intestine

Pancreatic juice

Succus entericus
• Digestion of Fats
 • Digestion of Fats
Small intestine

Pancreatic juice

Succus entericus
 Digestion of Nucleic acid

Small intestine

Pancreatic juice

Succus entericus
CALORIFIC VALUE OF PROTEIN, CARBOHYDRATE AND FAT

Gross calorific values Physiologic values

Carbohydrates 4.1 kcal/g 4.0 kcal/g

proteins 5.65 kcal/g 4.0 kcal/g

Fats 9.45 kcal/g- 9.0 kcal/g

ABSORPTION OF DIGESTED PRODUCTS
Absorption of Digested Food
Disorder of Digestive System

•Jaundice - The liver is affected, skin and eyes turn yellow due to the deposit
of bile pigments.

•Vomiting - The ejection of stomach contents through the mouth.

•Diarrhoea- The abnormal frequency of bowel movement and

increasedliquidity of the faecal discharge is known as diarrhoea.

•Constipation-In constipation, the faeces are retained within the colon as the
bowel movements occur irregularly.

•Indigestion - The causes of indigestion are inadequate enzyme secretion,

anxiety, food poisoning, over eating, and spicy food.