Engineering Graphics and

Visualization
Lecture – Unit 4, 11 and 24

Dr. Ryan Doczy

Assistant Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
American University in Dubai
Contents

 Working Drawings
 Multi-View Projections
 One- and Two-View Drawings
 Arrangement of Views
Introduction
 Planar projections produce projected 2-D views of 3-D
objects and visualize the geometric shapes on 2-D paper
space.

 Unit4, 11 and 24 of the textbook are related to the topics

on multi-view projections and arrangement of views.
Working Drawings (1)
A working drawing is a drawing that supplies information
and instructions for the manufacture or construction.
◦ Your drawings in CAD Assignment #1 are not a working
drawing yet.

 Generally, working drawings are classified into two groups

◦ Detail Drawings providing all necessary information for the
manufacture of the parts
◦ Assembly Drawings providing the information on how the
parts shall be assembled.

 Information contained on a Working Drawing

◦ Shape: multi-view drawings, pictorial drawings
◦ Dimensions: size and position of features of an objects
◦ Specifications: material selection, heat treatment, general
notes, etc.
Working Drawings (2)
A sample detail drawing
Working Drawings (2)
A sample detail drawing
Working Drawings (3)
A sample assembly drawing
Working Drawings –Exploded View
A sample assembly drawing
Multi-view Projections (1)
 Several views of a part are normally required to describe
its shape and the manner in which the views are arranged
on the drawing must be clearly understood.
 The six views of an object can be made with reference to
the front view when we look perpendicularly at the object
from six different directions
◦ Front, top, bottom, left, right, and rear view
Multi-view Projections (2)
 How to get six views (orthographic projections)
Orthographic means to draw at right angles and is derived
from the Greek words: ORTHOS - straight, rectangular,
right GRAPHOS - written, drawn
Multi-view Projections (3)
 3-D image of a school bus
Multi-view Projections (4)
 Multi-view of the bus
Multi-view Projections (5)
 Six regular views of a 3-D object

Front
Multi-view Projections (6)
 The Six Regular Views with Visible Lines Shown
Multi-View Projections (7)
 The
Six Regular Views with Hidden and Center Lines
Shown
Multi-view Projections (8)
 The Views and Dimensions
Multi-view Projections (9)
 As
shown in the previous drawing, three views are
usually sufficient to describe the shape of an objects

 Twosystems of arranging of views are used on engineering

drawings
◦ First-Angle Projection
◦ Third-Angle Projection
◦ They differ only in the position of the top, front and side views.
Multi-view Projections
Multi-view Projections (10)
 First-Angle Projection (Used in Europe)
Multi-view Projections (11)
 Third-Angle Projection (Used in North America)
Multi-view Projections (12)
 The third-angle projection permits each feature of the
object to be drawn in true proportion and without
distortion along all dimensions.
Multi-view Projections (13)
 ISO Projection Symbol

 Thepreferred location of ISO projection symbol is the

adjacent to the title block and the border line.
One- and Two-View Drawings (1)
 One-or two-view drawings may be often sufficient for
simple parts
◦ In one-view drawings the third dimension is expressed by a
note or by symbols or abbreviations, such as Φ, □, HEX, ACR
FLT, R.
 Φ or DIA: Diameter
 □ or SQ: Square
 HEX: Hexagon
 ACR FLT: Across Flats
 R : Radius
 An abbreviation for across corners Indicates the distance
on a nut or bolt head from one corner to the opposite
corner rather than the distance from one flat surface (A/F)
to the opposite. The A/F measurement determines the size
of wrench and the A/C measurement determines the size
of hole needed to insert a recessed nut or bolt head.
One- and Two-View Drawings (2)
 One-View Drawing Sample
One- and Two-View Drawings (3)
 Multiple-Detail Drawings
◦ Details of parts me be grouped on one or more large sheets.
One- and Two-View Drawings (4)
 Multiple-Detail Drawings
◦ Details of parts me be grouped on one or more large sheets.
Sketching Third-Angle Projection Views (1)
 Once two views have been developed in the third-angle
projection, the use of a miter line provides a fast and
accurate method of construction the third view.
Sketching Third-Angle Projection Views (2)
 Using a Miter Line to Construct the Right-Side View

◦ STEP 1: Given top and front views, project horizontal lines the
right of the top view
◦ STEP 2: Decide the distance D and construct a 45° miter line and
drop vertical projection lines from intersecting points on the miter line
◦ STEP 3: Draw horizontal lines to the right from the front view. Use the
horizontal and vertical project lines to construct a right-hand view.
Sketching Third-Angle Projection Views (3)
 Using a Miter Line to Construct the Top View

◦ STEP 1: Given front and right views, project vertical lines up

from the right-side view
◦ STEP 2: Decide the distance D and construct a 45° miter line and
draw horizontal lines from intersection points on the miter line
◦ STEP 3: Draw vertical lines up from the front views. Use the horizontal
and vertical project lines to construct a top view.
Arrangement of Views
 Onlythe views that will aid in the interpretation of the
drawing should be drawn.

 Thefront view of the object that gives the viewer the

clearest idea of the purpose and general contour of the
object

 Thefront view does not have to be the actual front of the

object.

 The designation of names is not of major importance.

 Whatis important is that the drafter or designer, give the

necessary information in the most understandable way.
Third-Angle Projection Examples (1)
 Note: Arrows indicate direction of sight for the front view
Third-Angle Projection Examples (1)
 Note: Arrows indicate direction of sight for the front view
Third-Angle Projection Examples (1)
 Note: Arrows indicate direction of sight for the front view
Third-Angle Projection Examples (1)
 Note: Arrows indicate direction of sight for the front view
Third-Angle Projection Examples (2)
 Objects with Circular Features
◦ Hidden circles are represented on drawings by a hidden line.
◦ Often only two views are enough to show the object’s shape