Presentation

Basic Applied Chemistry-I

CHEM-347
Presented to: Dr Muhammad Waseem Mumtaz
Presented by: Sania bibi 17110807-005
MSc-II Chemistry
Section A
Forced Circulation Boiler
and it’s Industrial
Applications

1
 Contents
1. What are boiler? 03
2. Definition of Forced Circulation Boiler
04
3. Working Principle and diagram of Forced
circulation boiler
05-07
4. Difference between natural and forced
circulation boiler
08-09
5. Example: La-Mont boiler
10-12
6. Advantages and disadvantages
13-14
7. Applications
15
8. References
16
2
 What are Boilers?

 Boiler is an apparatus to produce steam.

A boiler is a closed pressure vessel strongly constructed of steel or iron
where water is converted to steam by application of heat.
A boiler is an enclosed vessel in which a fluid such as water is heated to
produce steam or the vaporized form of a liquid.
Boilers classified on the basis of circulation
 Natural Circulation Boiler
 Forced Circulation Boiler

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 Definition Of Forced Circulation Boiler

A forced circulation boiler is a boiler where a pump is used to circulate

water inside the boiler.
• Forced circulation is based on pump-assisted internal water circulation.
• The circulation pump is the main difference between natural and forced
circulation boilers.
• These boilers also called pumped circulation boiler
• The circulation ratio of forced circulation boilers is normally between 3
and 10.

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 Working Principle of Forced Circulation boiler
The principle of forced circulation is basically same as for natural
circulation, except for the circulation pump.
The water circulation begins from the feed water tank, from where feed
water is pumped.
The feed water is then preheated in the economizer.
Water is introduced in steam drum, which is usually the same kind as
those used in natural circulation boilers.
Water enters in Circulation Pump through down comer from steam drum.
The circulation pump provides the driving force for the water circulation.
Since the pump forces the circulation, the evaporator tubes can be built in
almost any position.
5
 Water flows next from the steam drum through downcomer tubes to a
header.
 The downcomer tubes, which are unheated and situated outside the
boiler.
The headers that distribute the water to the evaporator tubes and The
water continues to the riser tubes, where it evaporates.
 The steam is separated in the steam drum and continues through the
superheaters, as in natural circulation boilers.

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Diagram of forced circulation boiler superheater

Steam drum

Circulating
Pump

Economizer

Downcomer

Feed water pump

Mud drum Evaporator

( riser tubes)

Fig: Forced Circulation Boiler Fig: Working principle of Forced

7
Circulation Boiler
 Difference between Natural and forced circulation
boiler
• In a natural circulation boilers, the circulation of water is dependent
on the differential pressures caused by the change of density in the
water as it is heated. As the water is heated and starts turning to steam,
the density decreases sending the hottest water and steam to the top of
the furnace tubes.
• But Forced circulation boiler uses a water circulation pump to force
that flow instead of waiting for the differential to form. Because of
this, the generation tubes of a forced circulation boiler are able to be
oriented in whatever way is required by space constraints. Water is
taken from the drum and forced through the steel tubes. In this way it
is able to produce steam much faster than that of a natural circulation
boiler 8
Fig: Comparison between Natural Circulation and Forced Circulation 9
 Example:
La-Mont boiler
• Discovery: A forced circulation boiler was first
introduced by La-Mont in the year 1925 which is
used in Europe and America. This is a modern
high pressure boiler
• Construction :
This boiler is the first force circulation boiler. This
boiler consist various part which are as follow.
♦Economizer
♦Centrifugal pump
♦Evaporator tube
♦Grate
♦Furnace
♦super heater
♦Water steam separator drum Fig : La- Mont boiler
♦ Air preheater
10
• Working:
Economizer
Feed water supplied by the feed pump is heated in the economizer on its way to the steam
separator drum. The economizer is a device used to preheat the feed water using the hot
gases leaving the boiler. The preheated water requires only a small amount of heat to be
supplied in the boiler, resulting in some saving of the fuel burnt.
Steam separator drum
The la Mont boiler consists of a steam separator drum which is placed wholly outside the
boiler setting . The drum receives a mixture of steam and water from the evaporator tubes
and feed water from the economizer. The steam is separated from water in the drum.
Circulating Pump
The water from the drum is then drawn to the circulating (centrifugal) pump through the
down-comer. The pump circulates water (“forced circulation”) equal to 8 to 10 times the
weight of steam evaporated. This prevents the tubes from being overheated.
Distributing header
The circulating pump delivers the feed water to the distributing header with orifices at a
pressure above the drum pressure.
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Evaporator
The header distributes water through orifices into the evaporator tubes acting in
parallel. Orifice in the header controls the flow of water to the evaporator tubes.
Here part of the water is evaporated and a mixture of steam and water from these tubes
enters the drum.
Super heater
The steam generated by the evaporator tube is saturated steam. If it directly used in
steam turbine can cause the corrosion. So the saturated steam sends to the super heater
where it can increase the temperature of steam.
Air pre heater
It’s main function to preheat air before entering into furnace. The atmospheric cold air
is preheated in the air preheater by the fuel gases before they are discharged through the
chimney.

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 Advantages and Disadvantages Of Forced
Circulation Boiler
• Advantages:
The evaporator tubes may be built in any orientation. Natural
circulation requires vertical piping whereas the forced circulation
ensures flow in any direction.
The walls of the tube may be built smaller due to the greater tolerance
of higher pressure losses.
The general forced circulation boiler has a low circulation ratio of range
between three and ten. The circulation ratio is how much steam is
produced per how much feed was put in. Natural circulation boilers
have a huge range of circulation ratios all the way from five to one
hundred
13
• Disadvantages:

The forced circulation boiler requires more power, this is due to the
electrical requirements of the pump forcing circulation.
The additional parts required; steam drum, circulation pump, and
orifices to limit flow, cause a forced circulation boiler to lead to
increased cost.
The boiler is not able to produce super-critical pressures because the
steam generation is not dependent on pressure differences.

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 Industrial applications
It is used in power plant industries to generate electricity.
It is use in steam turbines.
One type of Forced Circulation boiler Velox boiler is used in
Gas Turbine industries.
It is used for power generation.
 Benson boiler is forced circulation boiler used in different
industries to generate steam for mechanical power.

15
 References:
• http://www.energy.kth.se/compedu/webcompedu/ManualCopy/Steam_Boiler_Technology/Dictionary/CirculationR
atio.html
visited at 5.18. 2018 at 5.17 pm
• https://books.google.com.pk/books/about/Boilers_and_Burners.html?id=D_j2BwAAQBAJ&redir_esc=y visited at
5.15.2018 at 6:30pm
• https://books.google.com.pk/books/about/Marine_Steam_Boilers.html?id=yGTVAAAAMAAJ&redir_esc=y visite
d at 5.15.2018 at 6:55pm
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forced_circulation_boiler Visited at 5.15.2018 at 7:10 pm
• https://www.corrosionpedia.com/definition/173/boiler Visited at 5.15.2018 at 7:30pm
• http://cset.mnsu.edu/engagethermo/components_boiler.html at 5.15.2018 at 8:19pm
• https://www.revolvy.com/main/index.php?s=Forced+circulation+boiler&uid=1575 visited at 5.19.2018 at 8.18pm
• http://www.mech4study.com/2016/03/lamont-boiler.html visited at 5.20.2018 at 6:40pm
• https://www.slideshare.net/BharathKumar688/la-mont-boiler-78894416 visited at 5.20.2018 at 7:05pm
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LaMont_boile visited at 5.20.2018 at 7:10pm
• https://www.slideshare.net/hetpatelhp/boiler-final visited at 5.20.2018 at 7:30 pm
• https://mechanicalengineering.blog/forum/topic/advantages-of-using-forced-circulation-over-the-free-circulation-h
igh-pressure-boilers/
visited at 5.20.2018 at 7:45pm
• https://www.eng-tips.com/viewthread.cfm?qid=175567 visited at 5.20.2018 at 8:05pm 16