OPENINGS AND

VENTILATION
 HOT AND DRY CLIMATE

- During day time:

- closed and shaded openings so as to avoid intense heat
outside to come inside.
- buildings placed compact to each other

-During night :
- ample ventilation is to be adopted.
- openings needed to be placed near the surface receiving
intense heat.
Since the roof surface becomes too hot during the day , hence the best
location of the openings is to place them high on walls i.e., nearer to the
roof surface
because the air would reduce the temperature of the inside surface.
Having water bodies nearer to the building is a good idea since it supports
evaporative cooling.

-Building should be oriented in north- south direction.

 WARM AND HUMID

-Openings provided in the direction of the prevailing wind to permit natural

airflow through the internal spaces.

- Openings should be free from the effects of outside obstruction.

 COMPOSITE CLIMATE
Orientation of the openings :

- towards the breeze prevailing during warm and humid

season.

- towards the sun during cold season.

Ventilation:
- two small openings to be provided.
- one at low level and the other at high level.
-during cold season air flow will be ‘ in’ at low level and
‘out’ at high level.
- reverse occurs in the hot season.
 TROPICAL UPLAND CLIMATE
 Window of 20% elevational area is adequate.

 As air temperature rarely reaches the upper limit , there is no need for
physiological cooling by air movement.

 Wind direction should not to be considered for the orientation of the

buildings.

 Solar heat gain only factor governing the orientation of the windows.