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IDENTIFICATION OF PREFERABLE
DISTRIBUTED GENERATION
LOCATIONS FOR CONGESTION RELIEF
IN MULTI-BUS POWER SYSTEM
 Flow of Presentation:
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 Introduction
 Congestion in Power System
 Constraints & Effects of congestion
 Congestion Management (CM)
 Distributed Generation
 Optimal DGs Locations For Congestion Relief
 Results and Discussion
 Introduction:
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 Electricity sector restructuring has generated an

increased attention in distributed generation, which is
expected to play an integral role in the operation and
planning of electric power systems

 In a deregulated power setting one does not expect

things to be as easy as that. In a deregulated climate,
any buyer wants to buy electricity from the cheapest
generator available, irrespective of purchaser and
seller's relative geographical place.
 Contd….
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 Congestion is then said to have resulted when system

operator discovers that all transactions on the
transmission network can’t be enabled.

 Optimal allocation (i.e. location and sizing) of

Distributed Generation (DG) is one of the best ways to
strengthen the efficiency of power system among
capacitor placement and network reconfiguration.
 CONGESTION in Power System
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 Whenever the physical or operational constraints

in a transmission network become active, the
system is said to be in a state of congestion.

 The possible limits that may be hit in case of

congestion are: line thermal limits, Thermal
limits Voltage Limits and Stability Limits
 Contd…
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 Congestion exists because the generation and transmission

systems are not compatible.

 Congestion is often triggered by unexpected sorts of

situations such as outages in generation, unexpected load
demand increase, and failure of the equipment.

 The occurrence of congestion in power systems leads to

system disruptions in an interconnected system which
causes further outages.
 Effects of Congestion :
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Market Inefficiency:  Market Power: 

If the generator can

Market efficiency is the
successfully increase its
situation where the current
profits by strategic bidding or
prices do not reflect all the
by any means other than
publicly available demand &
lowering its costs, it is said to
supply information, asset's
have market power.
market prices do not always
Congestion may lead to
reflect its true value.
market power which
ultimately results in market
inefficiency.
 CONGESTION MANAGEMENT
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 Congestion management refers to avoiding or

relieving congestion. Thus, congestion
management is a tool for efficiently making use
of the power available without violating the
system constraints.
 In a much broader sense, congestion
management can be classified under two broad
paradigms:
i. Technical
ii. Non-technical
Classification of CM methods 9
 Distributed Generation :
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 DG: “A generating plant connected directly to the grid at

distribution level voltage or on the customer side of the
meter”.

 Their development arose out of:

i. constraints on the construction of new transmission lines,
ii. increased customer demand for highly reliable
electricity,
iii.the electricity market liberalization and
iv. concerns about climate change
 Advantages of Optimal DG Planning :
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(i) reduce real and reactive power loss

(ii) enhance power system stability, such as
voltage, frequency and rotor angle stability
(iii)enhance power system reliability and security
(iv)enhance power system loadability
(v) enhance available power transfer capacity
(vi)increase band of operation of system hence
system is more flexible operation.
 Optimal DGs Locations For
Congestion Relief
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 DG’s optimal position is the most critical bus in

the power grid

 The weakest bus is defined simply as the bus at

which the voltage drop is maximum.

 Placing distributed generation in a power grid

enhanced the stress profile with lower losses.
 Workflow:
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 Load Flow Analysis
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 It is the computational procedure needed to

determine a power system network's steady state
operating characteristics.
 Here the Load flow of IEEE 30 bus system is
carries out by Newton Raphson method.
 6 generators installed at buses 1, 2, 5, 8, 11 and 13.
 41 transmission lines including 4 transformers
between buses (6-9), (6-10), (4-12) and (27-28).
 Contingency Analysis (CA) in a
Congested Power System
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 Oneof the objective functions in congestion

management is N-1 contingency analysis.

 N-1 contingency analysis is used to identify

that mostly severed transmission lines and that
lines are consider for analysis. That constraint
limits a full utilization of a transmission lines.
 Contingency Selection :
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 Itgives an idea about how much percentage of

the line is getting overloaded to power flow.

 The general Congestion Index for a system is

defined as:
Lij = Pij/Pijmax ≤ 1
 Selection of Buses for DG Placement
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 The sensitivities of the buses to the congested line are

used to optimally pick the buses that are involved in
congestion management

 One factor that is Active Power Sensitivity Factor

(APSF) is used for the selection of buses.

 Active Power Sensitivity Factor (APSF)= 𝛥𝑃𝑖𝑗/𝛥𝑃𝐿

▪ Where ΔPij=chnage in line power flow
ΔPL=change in load at L bus
 Results of Contingency
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Violation of Line Flow Limit

 
 Results of Sensitivity Calculation
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Results of Sensitivity Calculation

 Conclusion
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 This study shows that the Active Power Sensitivity

Factor index approach for location selection may
lead the best choice.
 In doing so, line congestion has been limited to a
stipulated value by integration of DG in congested
buses.
 DG should be allocated in those locations where the
congestion arises and provide higher reduction of
losses. This analysis method identifies this location
issues accurately and precisely in at faster manner
 References:
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1) Barnali K. Sarkar, Abhijit Chakrabarti, Abhinandan De, “Identification

of Preferable Distributed Generators Locations for Congestion Relief in
Multi-Bus Power Network”, Energy and Power Engineering, 2014.
2) A.K. Singh , S.K. Parida, “Congestion management with distributed
generation and its impact on electricity market”, Electrical Power and
Energy Systems 48 (2013).
3) Md Sarwar, Anwar Shahzad Siddiqui, “Congestion Management in
Deregulated Electricity Market Using Distributed Generation”, IEEE
INDICON 2015.
4) Aishvarya Naraina, S.K. Srivastava, S.N. Singh, “Congestion
management approaches in restructured power system: Key issues and
challenges”, The Electricity Journal 33 (2020).
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