HEMODYNAMICS

THE STUDY OF THE MOVEMENT OF BLOOD AND THE

PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES GOVERNING THIS MOVEMENT
 OBJECTIVES
Following completion of the hemodynamics lecture and assigned
reading (Costanza pp . 113-127) the student should be able to:
•Define the terms blood velocity and flow and describe how these
two parameters are related
•Describe how physical properties of the blood and blood vessels
influence vascular resistance and blood flow
•Explain how the arrangement of blood vessels can influence
vascular resistance and blood flow distribution
•Explain the factors influencing wall tension and wall stress.
FUNCTION OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

- To provide a constant environment for the cells

of the body by supplying them with materials and removing
their waste.
CONVECTIVE TRANSPORT
Terms used to describe the movement of blood

VELOCITY = LINEAR DISPLACEMENT/ TIME

mm/sec

FLOW = VOLUME MOVED/ TIME

L/min
The relationship between vessel dimensions, velocity and flow
 x/t

volume x
 ( r 2
t t *
flow velocity ( cross sectional area
*
Q V *( A
If flow is constant, how does changing lumen
dimensions influence velocity?

Q= 20 ml/sec 20 ml/sec 20 ml/sec

2 2 2
A= 4 cm 20 cm 1 cm

V= 50 mm/sec 10 mm/sec 200 mm/sec

UTILIZING THE DOPPLER EFFECT
 V=Q/A

Q
V
Application to velocity through various segments

CROSS SECTIONAL AREA

600
Capillaries Venules
400

(cm 2 )
Arteries Veins
200

40
VELOCITY
(CM/SEC)

20
VELOCITY IS INVERSELY RELATED TO THE CROSS-
SECTIONAL AREA OF EACH SEGMENT OF THE
VASCULATURE
 What determines the magnitude of flow through a vessel?

Q P
250 mmHg 200 mmHg

100 mmHg
150 mmHg

P = 50 mmHg
Flow is directly proportional to the pressure gradient

Q P

Flow is inversely proportional to resistance

1
Q
R
 Q P
1
Q
R

P
Q 
R
Flow is determined by the ration of pressure gradient to resistance
What are the factors that determine resistance

1
R
r

R= vessel radius
 1
R 4
r
Resistance is also proportional to vessel length

1
R 4 RL
r
Resistance is also proportional to blood viscosity

1 R
R 4 RL
r
 ANOMALOUS VISCOSITY

VELOCITY

Blood is a non-Newtonian fluid. It has anomalous viscosity

 DEPENDENCE ON Hct

HEMATOCRIT
 1
R 4 RL R
r

8 L
R  4
 r
An equation incorporating the factors that determine
vascular resistance
 P 8 L
Q  R  4
R  r
4
 P r
Q 
8 L
POISEUILLES EQUATION

Poiseuilles equation describes all the factors that will influence

the magnitude of blood flow through a single vessel.
 CROSS SECTIONAL AREA
600
Capillaries Venules
400

(cm 2 )
Arteries Veins
200

40
VELOCITY
(CM/SEC)

20
The various segments of the vasculature are arranged in series
with each other.

AORTA ARTERIES ARTERIOLES CAPILLARIES

Within each segment the vessels are arranged in parallel

ARTERIOLES
 Pi Po
P2 1 P32

Q R1 R2 R3

1. Pi - Po = (Pi - P1)+ (P1 - P2) + (P2-Po)

2. Pi - Po = (Pi - P1) + (P1-P 2) + (P 2-P 3)

Q Q Q Q

3. Rt = R1 + R2 + R3

Pi Po
R1 Q1
Qt R2 Q2 Qt

R3 Q3
1. Qt = Q1 + Q2 + Q3
2. Qt = Q1 + Q2 + Q3
Pi - Po Pi - Po Pi - Po Pi - Po

3. 1 = 1 + 1 + 1
Rt R1 R2 R3
 P   Q  R

MBP  CO  TPR
 VEINS CAPILLARIES
ARTERIOLES ARTERIES

One-way Valves Head & Neck Arteries

Arm Arteries

Venae Cavae Trunk Arteries

Aorta

Hepatic Artery

Hepatic Vein
Splenic Artery
Hepatic Portal Vein

Mesentaric Artery

Peritubular Capillaries Renal

Artery

Efferent
Arteriole Afferent
Arteriole

Pelvic Arteries

Leg Arteries

Lungs
Pulmonary
Veins Bronchial
Arteries
Pulmonary
Artery

Aorta
Venae Cavae Coronary
Arteries
 A. B. C. D.
The development of a laminar flow profile
Blood flow can become turbulent
 Re = 2,000

G LY
I N
E AS LENT
Q
R
INC URBUOW
T FL
W
O
FL
AR
IN
AM
L

Q = P Q = P

P
REYNOLDS NUMBER

VD
N r 

Reynolds number predicts the probability that flow will
become turbulent.
>3000 - usually turbulent
<2000 - usually laminar
SHEAR STRESS

4Q
 3
r
 THE LAW OF LAPLACE

Pi Po

transmural pressure (P)= Pi Po

Wall Tension
T=P*r

Wall Stress
P* r

th