LESSON 3

Maintaining a Healthy and Safe

Environment
 Common Physical Hazards
Characteristics of Old Age
1. Diseases and Physical Handicaps
2. Malnutrition in old age is due more to
physical than to economic causes.
3. Dental disorders
4. Accidents
 In giving first aid to a person with HBV (hepatitis B
Virus) or with HIV (Human Immune deficiency Virus)
use protective equipment whenever possible
• Keep open wounds covered with dressing
• Use disposable latex gloves
• If disposable gloves are not available, use the
most water proof material or extra gauge
dressing
• When doing rescue breathing, use a mouth-
to-barrier device protection
 Checking the Victim’s Vital Signs and
Evaluating His/Her Physical Condition
• Primary survey for life-threatening conditions-
primary survey finds and corrects life-
threatening conditions.
• Secondary survey for non-emergency
conditions- this is dine after the primary
survey is completed and attending to any life-
threatening problems.
 External and Internal Bleeding
• External bleeding- is when blood can be seen
coming from an open wound
 Types of external bleeding can be
classified according to the source
• Arterial bleeding- blood spurts from the wound. This is
the most serious because blood is being pumped out at
a faster rate
• Venous bleeding- blood flows or gushes. It is easier to
control than arterial bleeding
• Capillary bleeding- blood oozes from capillaries. This is
the most common type and easier to control.
a) Blood vessel spasm- arteries contain small amounts of
muscle tissues in their walls
b) Clotting- special elements (platelets) in the blood
form a clot
 Heart attack
• This happen when the blood supply to the
part of the heart muscle it self is severely
reduced or stopped.
 Stroke
• It is a form of cardiovascular disease affecting
the arteries of the brain.