First aid refers to medical attention that is
usually administered immediately after the
injury occurs and at the location where it
occurred. It often consists of a one-time, short-
term treatment and requires little technology or
training to administer.
Objectives of First Aid
1. To alleviate suffering.
2. To prevent added injury or danger.
3. To prolong life.
First Aid Provider is someone trainied in the
delivery of initial emergency procedures, using
limited equipment to perform a primary
assessment and intervention until Emergency
Medical Services (EMS) personnel arrive.
Roles and Responsibilities of a First Aid
Provider
1. Bridge that fills the gap between the patient
and the physician.
2. Ensure safety for him/herself and that of
bystanders.
3. Summon advanced medical care as needed.
4. Provide needed care for the patient.
5. Record all findings and care given to the
victim
Characteristics of a Good First Aider
Gentle - should not cause pain.
Resourceful - should make the best use of
things at hand.
Observant - should notice all signs.
Tactful - should not alarm the victim.
Empathetic - should be comforting.
Respectable - should maintain a professional
and caring attitude.
Hindrances in Giving First Aid
1.Unfavorable surroundings
2.The Precense of Crowds
3.Pressure from the patient`s relatives
Transmission of Diseases
UNIVERSAL PRECAUTIONS
 Assume all human blood and bodily
fluids infectious.
Transmission of Diseases
1. Direct Contact- touches an infected
person`s bodily fluids.
2. Indirect Contact- touches objects that
have been contaminated by blood or
infected person`s bodily fluids.
3. Airborne/Inhalation- person inhales
infected droplets
4. Vector/Animal Bite- transmits a
pathogen into the body through a bite.
Basic Precautions and Practices to prevent
disease transmission
1. Personal Hygiene
2. Use of Appropriate PPE
3. Proper cleaning of Equipment and
Vehicle
Basic Life Support, or BLS- type of care that
first responders, healthcare providers and
public safety professionals provide to
anyone who is experiencing cardiac arrest,
respiratory distress or an obstructed airway.
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR),
automated external defibrillators (AED)
 The primary survey is a quick way to find
out how to treat any life threating
conditions a casualty may have in order of
priority. We can use
DRABC to do this: Danger, Response,
Airway, Breathing and Circulation.
Cardiac compromise refers to any kind of
heart problem
heart attack happens when something
blocks the blood flow to your heart
Cardiac arrest is the abrupt loss of heart
function in a person who may or may not
have been diagnosed with heart disease.
How to do CPR in 5 steps
Step 1: Shake and shout
Step 2: Call 999
Step 3: Give chest compressions
Step 4: Keep going
Step 5: Use a defibrillator
 Hands only CPR is the same as usual
CPR but without rescue breaths.
 Rescue breaths are a bonus and it’s
your choice if you want to do them.
AED, or automated external defibrillator, is
used to help those experiencing sudden cardiac
arrest.
Foreign body airway obstruction (FBAO) causes
asphyxia and is a terrifying condition.
Respiratory arrest is simply the absence of
breathing.
An asthma attack is a sudden worsening of
asthma symptoms caused by the tightening of
muscles around your airways. This tightening is
called a bronchospasm.
Hyperventilation is rapid or deep breathing,
usually caused by anxiety or panic.
In an unconscious patient:
• Lower the patient to the floor.
• Call an ambulance immediately.
• Begin CPR (even if a pulse is present in the
unconscious choking victim).
FIRST AID FOR RESPIRATORY AND ASTHMA
ATTACK
1. Give asthma first aid.
2. Use an inhaler with a spacer, if possible.
3. Use an inhaler without a spacer, if
necessary.
4. Continue using the inhaler if breathing
is still a problem.
5. Monitor the person until help arrives.
6. Follow up
External Bleeding
• Hemorrhage means bleeding.
Characteristics of External Bleeding
• Arterial bleeding- Pressure causes blood to
spurt and makes bleeding difficult to control.
• Venous bleeding- Does not spurt and is easier
to manage
• Capillary bleeding- Bleeding from damaged
capillary vessels
Internal Bleeding
- Bleeding in a cavity or space inside the body
Shock is a critical condition brought on by the
sudden drop in blood flow through the body.
Wound is any type of damage or breakage on A penetrating wound is an injury resulting from
the surface of the skin. a sharp, pointed object.

Characteristics of closed injuries Stabbings and shootings often result in multiple

penetrating injuries.
• History of blunt trauma
Blast injuries
• Pain at the site of injury
Primary blast injury
• Swelling beneath the skin
• Damage caused by pressure of explosion
• Discoloration
Secondary blast injury
A contusion (bruise) causes bleeding beneath
the skin but does not break the skin. • Damage results from flying debris

A hematoma is blood collected within damaged Tertiary blast injury

tissue or in a body cavity.
A crushing injury occurs when a great amount
of force is applied to the body.
• Victim is thrown by explosion, perhaps into an
object
Treat closed soft-tissue injury using the RICES
mnemonic:

Open Injuries • Rest

• Protective layer of the skin is damaged. • Ice

• Wound is contaminated and may become • Compression

infected.
• Elevation
4 types:
• Splinting
• Abrasions
A burn occurs when the body receives more
• Lacerations radiant energy than it can absorb.

• Avulsions The victim is now at high risk for:

• Penetrating wounds • Infection

An abrasion is a wound of the superficial layer • Hypothermia

of the skin.
• Hypovolemia
A laceration is a jagged cut.
• Shock
An incision is a sharp, smooth cut.
Poisoning is when a person is exposed to a
An avulsion separates various layers of soft substance that can damage their health or
tissue so that they become either completely endanger their life.
detached or hang as a flap.

An amputation is an injury in which part of the

body is completely severed.
An ingested poison is considered any substance
that's harmful to the body when ingested,
whether intentionally or unintentionally.

Poisons cause damage by altering cellular

metabolism in a harmful or destructive way.

Sometimes people accidentally breathe in

(inhale) something the shouldn’t. This might
include liquids, powders, gases or solid items
such as medicines or drugs

FIRST AID MANAGEMENT FOR INHALE POISON

• Immediately get the person to fresh air,

without placing yourself at

risk. Loosen any tight clothing at the neck.

• Open doors and windows, if indoors.

• Avoid breathing fumes.

The brain is a soft and delicate organ.

Concussion is a mild traumatic brain injury that

follows some trauma to the head.

A person who has sustained a head injury may

have also injured their spine.

A fracture is a broken bone.

• A potential complication is compartment

syndrome.

A dislocation is a disruption of a joint in which

the bone ends are no longer in contact.

strain is a stretching or tearing of the muscle,

AMPUTATIONS

• Can occur as a result of trauma or a surgical

intervention

A splint is a flexible or rigid device that is used

to protect and maintain the position of an
injured extremity.