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Sedimentary Geology Overview
Sedimentary Geology Overview
Andrew S. Madof
Orals Review - 2007
January 12, 2007
SEDIMENTARY GEOLOGY =
Sedimentology (process) + Stratigraphy (response)
Sedimentary Rocks:
• Form 75% of the rocks exposed at the Earth’s
Surface
• Are the reservoirs for fossil fuels, iron and
aluminum ores, and groundwater
• Record of Earth’s history
Sediment
• Sediment = loose, solid particles and can be:
– Terrigenous = fragments from silicates (igneous and/or
metamorphics)
– Biogenic = fossils (carbonate - reefs; silicates - forams)
– Chemical = precipates (halite, gypsum, anhydrite, etc…) - note:
with chemical sedimentary rocks, evaporation > precipitation
and/or supersaturation in closed basins (lakes or oceans)
• Classified by particle size
– Boulder - >256 mm
– Cobble - 64 to 256 mm
– Pebble - 2 to 64 mm
– Sand - 1/16 to 2 mm
– Silt - 1/256 to 1/16 mm
– Clay - <1/256 mm
Grain size
Grain size (diameter) and grain-shape depend on:
• Transport media: rivers (pebbles bounce on river bottom, sand
moved in traction, and silt/clay suspended in water column); oceans
and lakes (near-shore and deep-water systems); glaciers (sediment
moved on glacier bottom); wind (sand dunes)
• Distance from parent rock: the longer the distance traveled,
generally the smaller and the more well-rounded the grains (due to
higher kinetic energy)
• Mineral hardness: the harder the parent rock, the longer it will
take the sediments to erode (example: silicates are more resistant to
weathering and erosion than feldspars, and this is why beaches are
often comprised of sand, not feldspar-rich sediments)
•Consider: sorting (= range of grain sizes) → winds sort well
(meaning grain sizes are very similar); glaciers sort poorly (meaning
there is a large spread of grain sizes in glacial deposits)
Classification Of Sedimentary Rocks
DETRITAL (TERRIGENOUS) SEDIMENTARY ROCKS:
• Mudstones
• Sandstones
• Conglomerates
• Breccias
Sandstone
MUDSTONES:
I) FORMATION
III) Tufa
IV) Travertine
Lithification = Turning Sediment Into Sedimentary Rock
Turbidite =
Turbidity Current = RESPONSE
PROCESS