GEOMETRIC OPTICS

TWO KIND OF REFLECTIONS

The reflection of light can be roughly categorized into two types of reflection:
specular reflection is defined as light reflected from a smooth surface at a
definite angle, and diffuse reflection, which is produced by rough surfaces
that tend to reflect light in all directions
TWO KIND OF REFLECTIONS

Specular reflection
Diffuse reflection
 When the diffuse reflection occur?

It is hard to belive, but you have to know that all objects reflect rays, but
those which surface is not flat give diffuse reflection and become
indirect-lighting device. Yes, your hand also reflects and diffuse much of
the light it receives. Its surface is rough, so rays have different angles of
incidence and different angles of reflection and are diffused. This
phenomenon allows us to see objects which are not the sources of light.
 FLAT MIRROR

A virtual image isHow

produced
the mirror
by a build
flat mirror
a virtual
because
image?
of specular reflection
 How the mirror work?

The incident and reflected rays all lie in a plane that includes
the normal (dashed line).
 How the mirror work?

h h’

Images are classified as real or virtual. A real image is formed when

light rays pass through and diverge from the image point; a virtual
image is formed when the light rays do not pass through the image
point but appear to diverge from that point.

Lateral magnification
How the mirror work?

A flat mirror produces an image that

has an apparent left–right reversal.
You can see this reversal by standing
in front of a mirror and raising your
right hand. The image you see raises
its left hand. Likewise, your hair
appears to be parted on the side
opposite your real part, and a mole on
your right cheek appears to be on your
left cheek.
 Quick Quiz!!

In the overhead view, the image of the stone seen by observer 1 is at

C. Where does observer 2 see the image—at A, at B, at C, at D, at E,
or not at all?
 The Fermat Principle

The time required for light to travel from point A to B is the minimum time required
For propagation in the same medium, the velocity is a constant and this minimizing
the time is the same as minimizing the distance traveled.
 The Fermat Principle

Three possible paths from A to B are shown. Let's look at the arbitrary path
ACB. If point A' is constructed on the perpendicular AO such that AO = A'O,
the right triangles AOC and A'OC are equal. Thus AC = A'C and the
distance traveled by the ray of light from A to B via C is the same distance
from A' to B via C. The shortest distance from A' to B is obviously the
straight line A'DB, so the path ADB is the correct choice taken by the actual
light ray.
 Spherical Mirror

A spherical mirror, as its name implies, has the shape of a section of a sphere.
This type of mirror focuses incoming parallel rays to a point, as demonstrated by
the colored light rays.
 Concave Mirror

The incoming rays from the object are essentially parallel because the
source is assumed to be very far from the mirror. We call the image point
in this special case the focal point F and the image distance the focal
length f = R/2
 Concave Mirror

(a) A concave mirror of radius R. The center of curvature C is located on the

principal axis. (b) A point object placed at O in front of a concave spherical
mirror of radius R, where O is any point on the principal axis farther than R
from the mirror surface, forms a real image at I. If the rays diverge from O at
small angles, they all re.ect through the same image point.
Concave Mirror
 Concave Mirror

Lateral magnification :

Mirror equation : In term of f :

 Concave Mirror

When the object is located so that the center of curvature lies between
the object and a concave mirror surface, the image is real, inverted,
and reduced in size.
 Concave Mirror

When the object is located between the focal point and a concave
mirror surface, the image is virtual, upright, and enlarged.
 Convex Mirror

When the object is in front of a convex mirror, the image is

virtual, upright, and reduced in size.
 How to describe an image ?
Assume that a certain spherical mirror has a focal length of +10.0 cm.
Locate and describe the image for object distances of (a) 25.0 cm,
(b) 10.0 cm, and (c) 5.00 cm.

We find the image distance by using mirror equation:

1 1 1 1 1 1
    q  16.7cm
p q f 25 q 10
Because q is positive, the image is
real
The magnification is given by
q 16.7
M    0.668
p 25
Because M is negative, the image is inverted
The image is real, inverted, and reduced in size.
Because of 0.668 less
Lookthan
at the
1, figure
the image is reduce in size
 Index of Refraction
The index of refraction (n) is defined as the speed of light (c) in
vacuum divided by the speed of light in the medium (vp).

Speed of light, c = 3.108 m/s

c = 300000 km/s
Index of Refraction
Material Index, n
Vacuum 1.00000
Air 1.0008
Water 1.330
Glass 1.510
Diamond 2.417
Ruby 1.760
Ice 1.30
What is the speed of light inside a diamond?
What is the speed of light inside water?
 Snell’s Law
Snell's Law relates the indices of refraction n of the two media to the
directions of propagation in terms of the angles to the normal.
Refraction
Some Efects of Refraction
Critical Angle

When light passes through a medium of high refractive index into a medium of lower
refractive index, the incident angle of the light waves becomes an important factor. If
the incident angle increases past a specific value, it will reach a point where the angle is
so large that no light is refracted into the medium of lower refractive index. The four
yellow light rays all have an angle of incidence (i) low enough to pass through the
interface between the two media. However, the two red light rays have incident angles
that exceed the critical angle (approximately 41 degrees) and are reflected either into
the boundary between the media or back into the high refractive index medium.
Critical Angle / Total Reflection
The following picture shows the total reflection of light inside the
glass block. The light enters the glass block from the lower right and
travels in a zigzag way inside the glass block by total reflection. 
Optical fiber / Total reflection
Convex Lens and Concave Lens
OPTICAL DEVICES
 Eye

Eye Structure
 Eye
Incident Light enter to eye
 Eye

Cataract
Miopi Presbiopi
Eye
Optical Prism
Lup

Lup Magnification
 Lup
Angular Magnification

Akomodasi Minimum Akomodasi Maksimum

The Camera Priciple
The Camera Priciple
The Camera Focus
Inside a Camera
Microscope
Microscope
Microscope
 Microscope
Mo [ pp / fe ] Akomodasi Minimum

Mo [ pp / fe + 1 ] + 1 Akomodasi Maksimum

Linear Magnification
M = | s' ok / s ok | | s' ob / s ob |

d = s ok + s' ob (Jarak kedua lensa)

Angular Magnification

MA = 1 / M
 Telescope

Reflector Telescope Refractor Telescope

 Telescope

Reflector Telescope Refractor Telescope

Telescope