The Voltage Source

Ideal Voltage Source

The ideal voltage source has zero internal resistance and provides a
constant voltage across its terminals (VAB =VS) regardless of the load
resistance.
A

B
 The Voltage Source
When a load is connected across the ideal voltage source as shown in
Figure, the voltage across terminals AB remains the same.

.
A

.B
 Practical Voltage Source
• In reality, no voltage source is ideal.

• In practical voltage source, it can be represented by a resistor in series

with an ideal voltage source.
A

B
 Practical Voltage Source
• With no load connected to the practical voltage source, the voltage
across terminals AB is similar to that of an ideal voltage source, as
given by:
VAB = VS

• Alternatively, VOUT = VAB =VS – (I x RS)

= VS (since current I = 0)

• This output voltage is also known as the open circuit voltage or the no
load voltage.
 Practical Voltage Source
•  When a load is connected to the practical voltage source, the output
voltage is given by:
VOUT = VAB = VRL = VS

• Alternatively, VOUT = VS - (I x Rs)

_
Example :Calculate the voltage output of the source for the
 following value of RL is 100
 The Current Source
Ideal Current Source

• The ideal current source produces a constant current IS through a

load, regardless of the load resistance.
• It has an infinitely large internal parallel resistance.
A

IS

B
 The Current Source
• When a load is connected across the ideal current source, the current
through the load remains the same.
• IRL = IS
.A IRL

IS

.B
 Practical Current Source
• In reality, no current source is ideal.
• In practical current source, t can be represented by a resistor in
parallel with an ideal current source.
 Practical Current Source
•When
  a load is connected to the practical current source as shown in
Figure, the current through the load is given by:
IRL = IS
Example: Calculate the load current (IL) for the following
 values of RL is 100 .
 The Superposition Theorem
• Superposition Theorem states that the current in any branch of a
linear circuit is the algebraic sum of the currents produced by each
source acting independently.
 The Superposition Theorem
Procedure For Applying Superposition Theorem

1. Consider one source at a time and replace other sources in the

circuit with their internal resistances. (Short circuit for voltage
source and open circuit for current source.)

2. Determine the magnitude and direction of the current of the

desired branch due to the single source.
 The Superposition Theorem
Procedure For Applying Superposition Theorem

3. Repeat the above steps using each source in turn until the desired
branch currents have been calculated for all sources.

4. Algebraically sum the currents due to each individual source to

obtain the resultant branch current.
The Superposition Theorem
Example
Determine I1 for the network of Fig.
 The Superposition Theorem
Example
Use Superposition Theorem to find the current I2 in the circuit shown
in Figure.

I2
 The Superposition Theorem
Solution
Step 1:
Find the current I2 by considering only source VS1 applied, and VS2
shorted.
I2

VS2 shorted
 The Superposition Theorem
•R T = R1 + = 100 + 50 𝜴 = 150 𝜴

IT = = = 66.7 mA

I2’ = = = 33.33 mA

Note that this current is flowing downward through R2.

 The Superposition Theorem
Step 2:
Calculate I2 by considering only source VS2 applied, and VS1 shorted.

II22

VS1 shorted
 The Superposition Theorem
•R T = R3 + = 100 + 50 𝜴 = 150 𝜴

IT = = = 33.33 mA

I2’’ = = = 16.67mA

Note that this current is also flowing downward through R2.

 The Superposition Theorem
Step 3:
Since both component currents are flowing downward through R2, the
resultant current I2 can be obtained by taking the sum of I2’ and I2”.

I2 = I2’+ I2’’
= 33.33 mA + 16.67mA = 50 mA
 The Superposition Theorem
Example
Determine the current I2 in the circuit shown in Figure using
Superposition Theorem.

I2
 The Superposition Theorem
Step 1:
Find the current I2‘ by considering only source VS applied, and IS opened.

I2

Is (opened)
 The Superposition Theorem
•R T = R1 + R2 = 100 𝜴 + 200 𝜴 = 300 𝜴

IT = I2 = = = 33.33mA

Note that this current is flowing downward through R2.

 The Superposition Theorem
Step 2:
Calculate I2’’ by considering the current source IS applied, and VS
shorted.

VS shorted
THE SUPERPOSITION THEOREM
•Step
  2:
Use the current divider formulae to determine the current I2’’.

I2’’ = = 10mA

Note that this current is flowing upward through R2.

 The Superposition Theorem
Step 3:
Since both component currents are flowing in opposite directions
through R2 the resultant current I2 can be obtained by taking the
difference of I2’and I2’’.
I2 = I2’- I2’’
= 33.33 m – 10 m = 23.33mA
 Tutorial Questions
•1.  Solve problems for Figure 5, using Superposition Theorem to
calculate currents through the 6 resistor of the network .
 Tutorial Questions
2. Determine I1 for the network of Fig.
 Tutorial Questions
3.Using superposition, determine the current through the 4- resistor of
Fig.