COHESIVE DEVICES IN MEK

MENCOBA MENOLAK MEMIJIT SHORT

STORY
FEBBY
 Introduction

1. Research Background
 a body of literary work, including short story, is always formed by and structured using language
(Fowler, 1996).
 To make short stories work, the words, clauses, sentences, and paragraphs should be arranged in
a cohesive and coherence way so that readers can interpret the meaning of those units of
language.
 Cohesion can be created using certain cohesive devices.
 Analyzing these cohesive devices will allow us to approach a literary work from a linguistic
perspective.
 Such analysis enables us to gain insight about a short story by examining its linguistic elements.
 Introduction

2. Identification of Problems

1. What are the cohesive devices used in Mek Mencoba Menolak Memijit?

2. What is the most and the least commonly used cohesive devices in Mek
Mencoba Menolak Memijit?
 Introduction

3. Research Objectives
To find out:

1. What cohesive devices used in Mek Mencoba Menolak Memijit, and

2. What cohesive devices are the most and the least commonly used in Mek
Mencoba Menolak Memijit.
 Literature Review

1. Definition of Short Story

a brief tale which can be told or read in one sitting (Edgar Alan Poe, in
Lawrence, 1917.
 contains certain structural elements, such as narrative time, narrative
perspective, and the use of symbolic language (Galinsky,1972, cited by
Basseler & Nünning, 2011).
 requires more participation from the reader, which allows it to evoke
projective reading and results in emotional and cognitive transformation of
the reader (Brosch, 2007, cited by Basseler & Nünning, 2011).
 Literature Review

2. Cohesive Devices
 Cohesive devices are used to create cohesion.
 Cohesion is a potential to relate one element of a text to another (Halliday
& Hasan, 1976).
 there are four ways to create cohesion in English; (a) conjunction, (b)
reference, (c) ellipsis, and (d) lexical organization (Halliday, 2004: 533).
 Cohesive Devices

A. Conjunction
 links whole clauses in the discourse and marks relations when one part of
the text elaborates, extends, or enhances another part of text (Halliday &
Matthiassen, 2004).
 Consists of elaboration, extension, and enhancement.
 Elaboration: appositive and clarification.
 Extension: addition and variation.
 Enhancement: spatio-temporal, manner, causal-condition, matter.
 Cohesive Devices

B. Reference
 linkselements to mark textual status (i.e. identifiability) (Halliday &
Matthiassen, 2004).
 Consists of personal, demonstrative, and comparative references.
 Uses exophoric and endophoric references.
 Exophoric: points to a referent outside the text.
 Endophoric: points to a referent introduced in the text.
 Cohesive Devices

C. Ellipsis
 linksbetween elements of meaning to mark textual status (Halliday &
Matthiassen, 2004).
 Creates cohesion by removing or substituting the referent.
 Reader/audience assumes the referent based on what has been said/read
before in the discourse.
 Cohesive Devices

D. Lexical Cohesion
 Works at lexical level, i.e. relations between lexical elements (Halliday &
Matthiassen, 2004).
 Consists of repetition, synonymy, hyponymy, and meronymy.
 Repetition: repeating lexical units.
 Synonymy: lexical item is synonymous with a preceding one. Includes antonyms
 Hyponymy: based on classification; one lexical item represents class, the other
represent sub-class or super-class.
 Meronymy: a part of; one lexical item is a part of another lexical item.
 Research Methods

1. Research Design
 Plansand procedures to detail methods of data collection and data analysis
(Creswell, 2009).
 Descriptive Qualitative.
 Qualitativeresearch is a procedure to produce descriptive data in the form
of words, written or spoken, of people and behaviors that can be observed
(Bogdan & Biklen, 1982)
 Research Methods

2. Data Source
 Kompas’ 2019 Selected Short Stories: Mereka Mengeja Larangan
Mengemis.
Mek Mencoba Menolak Memijit
 Research Methods

3. Data Collection
 Readingand understanding the short story Mek Mencoba
Menolak Memijit, and underlining the important elements.
 Selecting particular elements of Mek Mencoba Menolak Memijit
that suits the purpose of the study (i.e. that contains cohesive
devices).
 Categorizing the particular elements that have been selected
according to their cohesive devices.
 Research Methods

4. Data Analysis
Data Collection; the data is collected from Mek Mencoba
Menolak Memijit short story.
Data Reduction; the data is categorized based on its
cohesive devices.
Data Display; the data is displayed based on its cohesive
devices in descriptive method
 References
 Abrams, M.H. 1953. The Mirror and the Lamp: Romantic Theory and Critical
Tradition. New York: Oxford University Press.
 Arikunto, S. 2002. Prosedur Penelitian. Jakarta: Rineka Cipta.
 Basseler, M. & Nünning, A. (eds.). 2011. A History of the American Short Story. Genres
– Periods – Developments. Trier: WVT.
 Bogdan, R. C. & Biklen, S. K. 1982. Qualitative Research for Education: An
Introduction to Theory and Methods. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
 Creswell, J. 2009. Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods
Approaches. USA: Sage Publication Inc.
 References
 Ferguson, C. S. 1994. “Defining the Short Story. Impressionism and Form” in The New
Short Stories Theories. Charles E. May (Ed.). Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Press, pp.
218-230.
 Fowler, R. 1996. “Studying literature as language,” in The Stylistics Reader: From
Roman Jakobson to the Present, J. J. Weber, Ed. New York: Arnold, pp. 196-205.
 Halliday, M. A. K. & Hasan, R. 1976. Cohesion in English. London: Longman Group
Ltd. Essex.
 Halliday, M.A.K. & Matthiassen, C. 2004. An Introduction to Functional Grammar
Third Edition. London: Hodder Arnold.
 References

 https://www.kompas.com/tren/read/2020/06/28/092000265/55-tahun-harian-kompas-
berikut-sejarah-dan-asal-usul-nama-kompas-?page=all
 https://www.kompasiana.com/cupangbelgi/551b55298133116e319de0ba/sulitnya-
sebuah-cerpen-tembus-kompas
 Lawrence, J. C. 1917. “A Theory of the Short Story”. The North American Review vol.
205(735): pp. 274-286.
 Tucan, G. 2014. “What Is A Short Story Besides Short? Questioning Minds in Search of
Understanding Short Fiction”. Romanian Journal of English Studies 11(1): pp. 1-8.
THANK YOU….