Chapter 2

review of
related
literature
overview
✗ RELEVANT THEORY
✗ RELATED LITERATURE AND
RELATED STUDIES
✗ CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
✗ HYPOTHESIS (IF APPLICABLE)
✗ DEFINITION OF TERMS

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1 RELEVANT
THEORY
 THEORY
- a set of accepted beliefs or organized
principles that explain and guide analysis

In research…
Explain the theoretical basis of your problem.
How does it relate to your current study?

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 Sample
Photolysis or Photodissociation. Photolysis is the
process that uses radiation with ultraviolet (UV) light to
generate such species as radicals, ions, and excited
molecules. It can be used to convert some compounds and
causes degradation into smaller molecules. When Oyster
Mushroom is exposed to sunlight, ultraviolet radiation and
ergosterol reacts with each other causing ergosterol to
undergo the process of photolysis to produce Vitamin D.
 Sample
HPLC Theory/Principle. HPLC or High Pressure Liquid
Chromatography is a technique where a liquid is pumped
through a bed of finely packed particles. The chemical groups
and analytes are interacting with each other in which, some of
the analytes will have higher affinity or bond than the others
thus, permitting the separation of analytes. This will help in
collecting data and quantifying components. HPLC Theory will
be done on the oyster mushroom after the extraction to fully
separate it from other chemical components of the mushroom.
This will determine the amount of vitamin D in the irradiated
oyster mushroom.
 Related
2 literature and
related
studies
 RELATED LITERATURE
- It is also known as conceptual
literature.
- It removes any vagueness
surrounding concepts central to the
study.

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 RELATED LITERATURE
- The indicators per variable are
likewise identified and objectively
established.
- Sources are reference books,
textbooks, journals, periodicals,
electronic references, etc.

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 Sample
Oyster Mushroom. According to Corrêa et al (2016), `Oyster
mushroom, Pleurotus ostreatus (Class: Basidiomycetes; Family:
Pleurotaceae) grows naturally in the temperate and tropical forests on
dead and decaying wooden logs or intermittently on dying trunks of short
or coniferous woods. It may also grow on decaying organic matter. The
bodies of this mushroom are distinctly spatula or shell shaped with
different shades of cream, white, yellow, pink, gray or light brown
depending upon the species. It is one of the most capable fungal
organisms for producing protein-rich food from several agrowastes or
forest wastes without composting.

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 Sample
Lemongrass. According to Hartatie et al (2019), Lemongrass is an
aromatic plant that belongs to the family graminaea. This herb
(Cymbopogon citratus) has a citrus flavor 10 and is widely used around
Southeast Asia. It is commonly used in tea, soups, and it is also used as
a preservative.
According to Tan and Nguyen (2018), Lemongrass is mostly grown
in tropical and savannah region like, Indonesia, Taiwan, and China.
Lemongrass is used as deodorants, herbal teas, fragrances and it is also
used for aromatherapy because of its fresh and strong-lemon like odor.

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 Sample
Vitamin D. According from the study of National Institutes of Health
in 2019, Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin that is innately present in very
few foods and added in dietary supplements. When ultraviolet rays from
sunlight strike the skin and trigger 11 vitamin D synthesis, vitamin D is
produces. It is obtained from food, exposure from the sun, and
supplements and is biologically inactive and should undergo the process
of hydroxylations in the body for activation. The first one undergoes in
the liver and converts vitamin D to 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D],
which is known as calcidiol. The second one partakes primarily in the
kidney forming the physiologically active 1,25- dihydroxyvitamin D
[1,25(OH)2D], also known as calcitriol.

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 Sample
The role of Vitamin D is to energize calcium absorption and
maintains adequate serum calcium that allows mineralization of
bone to be normal and to avoid the disease hypocalcemic tetany.
The vitamin is also needed for bone remodeling and bone
growth by osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Insufficient vitamin D can
cause thinning of bones.

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 RELATED STUDIES
- This serves as the basis of the
analysis of results because it enables
the researchers to compare and
contrast his/her findings with those of
past studies.

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 RELATED STUDIES
- The results of study are verified by
similar findings or negative by
different findings of previous
researches.

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 Sample
Benefits of Vitamin D. According to the article of Kushnier (2018), vitamin D
is essential for absorption of calcium to build stronger bones, and that vitamin D
may lessen the risk of having cardiovascular diseases, cancer, etc. according to
Kushnier (2018) mushroom varieties such as maitake, chanterelle, morel, oyster,
and shiitake contain a vitamin D when these are exposed to sunlight. According
to Kushnier (2018) varieties of mushrooms, such as morels and chanterelles, end
up to generate more vitamin D since they have grown outside, where they absorb
more sunlight. Others varieties such as brown (cremini) and portabella, have
normally higher concentration level of ergosterol, as result; levels of vitamin D are
also significant after irradiating it to ultraviolet radiation.

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 Sample
Benefits of Mushroom. According to Kim (2018), mushrooms already used
as a medicinal food and has been a component of a healthy diet. the researcher
also stated that mushroom is a good sources of nutrients that can benefit a
healthy heart through anti-atherogenic and anti-inflammatory activities. Even
there is a campaign to reduce heart-associated diseases, World Health
Organization (WHO) and Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
reports that the primary cause of death worldwide especially in United States is
CardioVascular Disease. Kim (2018) also stated that one way of reducing
atherosclerotic risk that became popular is diet modification because previous
researches shows that lifestyle choice can account up to 40% of premature
deaths that is caused by cardiovascular diseases. The author concluded that if
we increase dietary consumption of mushroom, it may prevent or reduce the risks
of cardiovascular diseases.

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3 Conceptual
framework
Conceptual framework
- The explanation of the scope and
range of a concept or construct, or in
some cases, with a combination of
tow or more theories which lead to a
research’s formulated framework.

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 IPO model (Input-Process-Output)

- This model is used when the

researchers attempt to isolate the
factor or major variable that causes
the problem, subject or phenomenon
under investigation.

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 IPO model Sample
Concrete Hollow
Blocks with Recycled
Plastic, Vermiculite, Analysis of Data Effectiveness of the
and Polyurethane 1. Prototype making Concrete Hollow
Foam 2. Measuring the Blocks with Recycled
strength, density Plastic, Vermiculite,
1. Strength and thermal and Polyurethane
2. Density conductivity Foam
3. Thermal 3. Statistical
Conductivity Treatment
3.1 Inner side wall
3.2 Outer side
wall

Figure 1. Conceptual Framework of the Study 21

 IV-DV model (Independent Variable-
Dependent Variable)

- This model is used in experiment-

based studies. The questions raised
are higher order and classified as
situation-relating.

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 IV-DV model Sample
Effectiveness of
Piezoelectric Rubber
shoes Amount of electricity
produced based on
1. Number of steps the steps and jumps
in one minute made in one minute
2. Number of jumps
in one minute

Figure 1. Conceptual Framework of the Study

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 IV-DV model Sample
1. Concrete Hollow Quality of Hollow
Blocks with Recycled Blocks
Plastic, Vermiculite,
and Polyurethane 1. Strength
Foam 2. Density
3. Thermal
2. Commercial Hollow Conductivity
Blocks 3.1 Inner side wall
3.2 Outer side
wall

Figure 1. Conceptual Framework of the Study

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 The figure shows the overall concept of the study
wherein it focused on the comparison between the
properties of two different concrete hollow blocks
namely the concrete hollow blocks with recycled plastic,
vermiculite, and polyurethane foam and the commercial
concrete hollow blocks. Differences between their
strength, density, thermal conductivity of outer side wall
and thermal conductivity of inner side wall were
determined.

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4
hypothesis
your
quantitat
ive
research
design
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Quantitative research
designs
1. Descriptive Research
2. Correlational Research
3. Experimental Research

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hypothesis
- A tentative prediction about the
relationship or difference between two or
more variables under study.

Null Hypothesis – formulated for the

purpose of statistical analysis.
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hypothesis
Null Hypothesis (cont.)

- It is subjected to testing in which the

decision is either to accept or reject it.

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Hypothesis (Sample)
Correlational Research

1. There is no significant relationship

between the number of steps/jumps and the
amount of electricity produced by
piezoelectric shoes.
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Hypothesis (Sample)
Experimental/Quasi-experimental Research

1. There is no significant difference between

Concrete Hollow Blocks with Recycled
Plastic, Vermiculite and Polyurethane Foam
and Commercial Hollow Blocks in terms
quality.
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Definitio
n of
terms
4 33
Definition of terms

- It is important that the terms used in the study

must be defined clearly.
- It may appear in the research title, statement of the
problem (indicators), and in the scope and
delimitation.

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Definition of terms (cont,)
Conceptual Definition – terms are defined using
books, journals, studies etc.

Operational Definition – terms are defined based on

how it is used in the study.

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Definition of terms (cont,)
SAMPLE
Eating Disorder. A group of behaviors fueled by
unresolved emotional conflicts, resulting in altered
food consumption (Grodner, 2005). As used in this
study, it pertains to the kind of food, frequency of
eating, and amount of intake or consumption.

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Definition of terms (cont,)
SAMPLE
Primigavida. A woman in her first pregnancy
(Pilliteri, 2004). Operationally, it pertains to a mother
who has given birth at the Bataan General Hospital in
the first quarter of 2009.

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Thanks
!
Any questions?

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