Professional Documents
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The disease remains the world’s most common bacterial zoonosis, with over half
a million new cases annually and prevalence rates in some countries exceeding
ten cases per 100 000 population.
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2008
Endemicity :
Aseroprevalence
rate of 20% was
identified on the
Arabic Peninsula,
with greater than
2% having active
brucellosis.
Killed at 600 C in 10
minutes
Pasteurization of milk .
Survival is long in
refrigerated milk,
ice creams and cheese.
Species Biovar/ Natural Host Human
Serovar Pathogen
B. abortus 1-6, 9 cattle yes
B.melitensis 1-3 goats, sheep yes
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2008
Order of pathogenicity to humans:
B. melitensis,
B. suis
B. abortus,
Rarely
B. canis,
and
marine mammal Brucella.
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2008
The Many Names of Brucellosis
Marston
• Contracted Malta
fever
• Described his own
case in great detail
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2008
Professor FEG Cox. The Wellcome Trust, Illustrated History of Tropical Diseases
• British Army
physician and
microbiologist
• Discovered
Micrococcus
melitensis
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2008
Bernhard Bang
(1848-1932)
• Danish physician
and veterinarian
• Discovered
Bacterium
abortus could
infect cattle,
horses, sheep,
and goats
Professor FEG Cox. The Wellcome Trust, Illustrated History of Tropical Diseases
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2008
History
• Alice Evans, American bacteriologist
− Credited with linking the organisms
− Similar morphology and pathology
between:
Bang’s Bacterium abortus
Bruce’s Micrococcus melitensis
• Nomenclature today credited to
Sir David Bruce
− Brucella abortus and Brucella melitensis
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2008
Transmission
Transmission to Humans
• Conjunctiva or broken skin
contacting infected tissues
( Brucella abortus and B. suis infections often )
− Blood, urine, vaginal discharges, aborted
fetuses, placentas
• Ingestion ( Brucella melitensis infection is primarily foodborne )
Research suggests that the smooth, non-endotoxic lipopolysaccharides help block the
development of innate and specifi c immunity during the early stage of infection, and
protect the pathogen from the microbicidal activities
of the immune system.
The organism can gain entry through abraded skin, mucous membranes and
conjunctiva[ .
Entry of the organism through any of these surfaces invites phagocytic neutrophil cells
to the site of entry and the organism is phagocytosed by neutrophils and tissue
macrophages.
If the organism escapes host defense mechanisms in the regional lymph node, spread to
the circulation occurs resulting in bacteremia.
These free organisms in circulation are phagocytosed by the neutrophils and localization
occurs primarily to the liver, spleen and bone marrow with formation of granulomas
Malta Fever
The one common sign in all patients is an intermittent
irregular fever of variable duration, thus the term undulant
fever.
In many patients, the symptoms last for two to four weeks
and are followed by spontaneous recovery.
Ambiguous,
Non-specific manifestations
& increasingly unusual presentations.
The disease is characterized by acute
bacteremic phase followed by a chronic stage
during which the bacteria localize in
reticuloendothelial tissues (LNs, liver, spleen,
bone marrow).
Manifestations of the disease include:
1) Fever for 3-4 weeks followed by afebrile
period of similar duration, so it is called
undulant fever.
2) Weakness, bone pain, profuse sweating +
enlarged LNs, liver and spleen.
3) Brucella melitensis is the most severe
form.
Human brucellosis has a wide spectrum of clinical
manifestations, earning it a place alongside
alongside syphilis
syphilis and
and
tuberculosis as one of the “great imitators
Thus to an unaware
physician, the clinical
diagnosis becomes a
challenging one.
Clinical Patterns
•
Peripheral arthritis
• Is the most common and is nonerosive, since it usually involves the knees,
hips, ankles, and wrists in the context of acute infection.
Prosthetic joints can also be affected in peripheral arthritis.
Brucellosis has also been proposed as a cause of reactive arthritis.
Sacroiliitis,
is readily diagnosed, also usually in the context of acute brucellosis.
• spondylitis,
remains notoriously difficult to treat and often seems to result in residual damage. The
lumbar spine is the usual site of involvement.
Spondylitis can be easily diagnosed with plain radiography, in which the characteristic
Pons sign (a steplike erosion of the anterosuperior vertebral margin) can be identified, or
with scintigraphy and magnetic resonance imaging.
Arthritis Tenosynovitis
Bursitis osteomyelitis
spondylitis sacroiliitis
• Pulmonary manifestations,
Pleural effusions and pneumonias, can
be found in up to 16% of
complicated cases of brucellosis.
• Leucocytosis is observed in about
9% of patients and if found, focal
complications should be excluded .
The lack of seropositivity in patients with strongly suspected clinical picture may be
attributed to the performance of tests early in the course of infection, the presence
of blocking antibodies (non-agglutinating, incomplete) or the so-called "prezone"
phenomenon.
Enzyme immunoassays (ELISA) which measure specific IgM, IgG and IgA
antibodies, allow for a better interpretation of the clinical situation and overcome the
false negativities/positivities which may arise in SAT.
The level of sensitivity of the serological tests differs for the different stages of
the disease and in particular a lower sensitivity applies very early in the infection
and in patients with chronic disease or experiencing a relapse.
The LFA is a simplified ELISA for the qualitative detection of antigen specific
antibodies in serum, or whole blood samples (Christopher et al., 2010). The
assay is based on the binding of specific antibodies to antigen immobilised on
a test strip (cellulose membrane matrix). It allows the detection of specific IgM
as well as specific IgG antibodies and that a high sensitivity is assured for all
stages of the disease (Nielsen and Yu, 2010).
• Application of the assay does not require specific
expertise, equipment or electricity, and test kits
may be kept in stock without the need for
refrigeration, thus, making the assay a very
useful one for poor resource countries including
most African countries and migratory herds/flocks
(Abdoel et al., 2008, Baddour, 2012).
These data highlight the importance of using more than one test in diagnosis of
brucellosis especially in endemic areas where
active brucellosis cannot be excluded in a patient with SAT lower than
1/160
In addition, SAT suffers from high false negative rates in complicated and chronic
cases
Moreover, SAT false negative results may occur in patients with very recent
infection or those who have blocking antibodies in their serum. The flow assays
detected five out of six individuals that were hemoculture-positive. Of these five
patients, two serum samples showed SAT of 1/80.
SEROLOGIC Diagnosis
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2008
Prevention and Control
• Immunize in areas of
high prevalence
− Young goats and sheep with Rev-1
− Calves with RB51
− No human vaccine
• Eradicate reservoir
− Identify,
segregate, and/or cull
infected animals
Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2008
Q.1 The re interest in Brucellosis has emerged in
the last decade because all of the following except :
• A) The disease remains the world’s most common
bacterial zoonosis .
• D)Person-to-person transmission is
very rare (blood transfusions, bone marrow
transplants, and sexual contact between lab
workers and their spouse)
Q.3) Regarding localisation
( complication) of brucellosis all is true
except :
• A) Endocarditis is the most grave .
• B) Genitourinary , oophoritis is more
frequent than epidedimoorchitis and
can be misdiagnosed as ovarian
tumor.
• C) Osteoarticular localisation is the
most common.
• D) Hepatic abscess is rare.
Q.4 Regarding the laboratory diagnosis of
brucellosis select the most appropriate answer :
• A) Bone marrow cultures have proven to be more sensitive than
blood cultures for the detection of Brucella spp. at any stage of
disease.