Basic Science /Unit of Measuremwnt

H . K. Behera
Assistant Executive Engineer
CGWB, Division xv, Kolkata
 UNITS OF MEASUREMENT

 A unit of measurement is a definite magnitude of a quantity, defined and

adopted by convention or by law, that is used as a standard for
measurement of the same kind of quantity. [1] Any other quantity of that kind
can be expressed as a multiple of the unit of measurement. [2] For example,
a length is a physical quantity. The metre is a unit of length that represents
a definite predetermined length. When we say 10 metres (or 10 m), we
actually mean 10 times the definite predetermined length called "metre".
Measurement is a process of determining how large or small a physical
quantity is as compared to a basic reference quantity of the same kind.
 In trade, weights and measures is often a subject of governmental
regulation, to ensure fairness and transparency. The 
International Bureau of Weights and Measures  (BIPM) is tasked with
ensuring worldwide uniformity of measurements and their traceability to
the International System of Units (SI).
 Metrology is the science of developing nationally and internationally
accepted units of measurement.
 UNIT 1

LENGTH
The measurement or extent of
something from end to end; the greater
of two or the greatest of three
dimensions of an object.
LENGTH

OBJECT
5 meters

10 meters
 CONVERSION OF LENGTH
METRIC SYSTEM
1 Milli meter = 1/1,000 meter 0.001 Meter

1 Centi meter = 1/100 meter 0.01 Meter

1 Deci meter = 1/10 meter 0.1 Meter

1 Meter (basic unit of length)

1 Dekameter = 10 Meters

1 Kilometer = 1,000 Meters

 CONVERSION OF
LENGTH
AMERICAN AND BRITISH UNITS

1 Inch = 1/36 yard 0.02777 yard

1 Inch = 1/12 foot 0.083 foot
1 Foot = 1/3 yard 0.03333 yard

1 Yard (basic unit of length)

1 Mile = 1,760 yards
1 Mile = 5,280 feet
 CONVERSION OF
LENGTH
CONVERSION
FACTORS
1 inch = 2.54 centimetres 1 meter = 39.37 inches

1 foot = 0.305 meter 1 meter = 3.28 feet

1 yard = 0.914 meter 1 meter = 1.094 yards

1 kilometre = 0.62 mile 1 mile = 1.609 kilometre

 UNIT 2

VOLUME
The amount of space that a substance or
object occupies, or that is enclosed within a
container, or the amount of three dimensional
space an object occupies.
 volume

H
B
L

Volume = L x H x B
Metric : Cubic centi metres (cm3),
cubic metres (m3), litres

US Standard : fluid ounce, cubic inch, cubic foot,

pints, gallons
All other units of volume like the pint, the quart, etc. are
divisions or multiples of this volume.
 VOLUME
The most commonly used
metric units for volume
are the liter (L) and the
milliliter (mL).
A liter is a cube 1 dm
long on each side.
A milliliter is a cube 1 cm
long on each side.
 VOLUME
VOLUME AND CAPACITY (LIQUID AND DRY)
  METRIC SYSTEM

1 Milliliter = 1/1,000 Liter 0.001 Liters

1 Centiliter = 1/100 Liter 0.01 Liters

1 Deciliter = 1/10 Liter 0.1 Liters

1 Dekaliter = 10 Liters

1 Hectoliter = 100 Liters

 VOLUME
CONVERSION FACTORS

1 Milliliter = 0.034 Fluid Ounce

1 Fluid Ounce = 29.6 Milliliters

1 U.S. Quart = 0.946 Liter

1 Liter = 1.06 U.S. Quarts

1 U.S. Gallon = 3.8 Liters

 UNIT 3

WEIGHT AND MASS

Mass is the amount of matter that a body contains, and a measure of the
inertial property of that body, that is, of its resistance to change of motion.
Mass is different from weight, which is a measure of the attraction of the
earth for a given mass. Inertial mass and gravitational mass are identical.
Weight is defined as the mass times the acceleration of gravity, w = mg.
Since the weight is a force, its SI unit is the newton. Mass Density is
mass/volume and Weight Density is Weight/Volume (mg/V)
WEIGHT or MASS
WEIGHT
Mass : In physics, the property of matter
that measures its resistance to acceleration.
roughly, the mass of an object is a measure
of the number of atoms in it. the basic unit
of measurement for mass is the kilogram.
WEIGHT
GRAVITATION AL ACCELERATION

In physics, gravitational acceleration is
the acceleration on an object caused by force
of gravitation. Neglecting friction such as air resistance,
all small bodies accelerate in a gravitational field at the
same rate relative to the center of mass.
WEIGHT
METRIC SYSTEM WEIGHTS AND MEASURES

1 Kilogram (Kg) 1000 Grams (103)

1 Milligram (Mg) 0.001 Gram (10-3)
1 Microgram (µg) 0.000001 Gram (10-6)
1 Liter (L) 1000 Ml (103)
1 Milliliter (Ml) 0.001 L (10-3)
1 Microliter (µl) 0.000001 L (10-6)
1 Milliliter (Ml) 1 Cubic Centimeter
(Cc)
 WEIGHT
WEIGHT AND APOTHECARIES' EQUIVALENTS

1 milligram (mg) 1/65 grain (1/60)

1 gram (g) 15.43 grains (15)

1 kilogram (kg) 2.20 pounds (avoirdupois)

1 pound (avoirdupois) 453.6 grams

1 grain (gr) 0.065 gram (60 mg)

1 ounce (1/16 pound) 28.4 grams

 WEIGHT
10 Milligrams (Mg) = 1 Centigram (Cg)
10 Centigrams =1 Decigram (Dg)= 100 Milligrams
10 Decigrams =1 Gram (G)= 1,000 Milligrams
10 Grams =1 Dekagram (Dag) 
10 Dekagrams =1 Hectogram (Hg)= 100 Grams
10 Hectograms =1 Kilogram (Kg)= 1,000 Grams
1,000 Kilograms =1 Metric Ton (T) 
WEIGHT
The International System of  Units (SI)
 defines seven units of measure as a basic set
from which all other SI units are derived.
The SI base unit sand their physical quantities
are: meter for length. kilogram for mass.
 SI UNITS

A different base unit is used for each quantity.

 Metric System

Prefixes convert the base units into units that

are appropriate for the item being measured.
 Unit 5
TEMPERATURE
The degree or intensity of heat present in a substance

or object , especially as expressed according to a

comparative scale and shown by a thermometer or

perceived by touch.
 Uncertainty in Measurements
Different measuring devices have different uses and
different degrees of accuracy.
Temperature

By definition
temperature is a
measure of the
average kinetic
energy of the
particles in a
sample.
TEMPERATURE :-

HEAT :
In physics, heat is energy
in transfer other than as
work or by transfer of
matter. When there is a
suitable physical
pathway, heat flows from
a hotter body to a colder
one.
 UNIT 6
DENSIT
Y Density is a physical property of a substance.

“ Where
D = Density m
M = mass d=
V= volume V