Ceramic

Construction
of Fixed
Partial
Denture
By Dr.Motaz Sayed
Dental ceramics :
• The most suitable tooth
colored restorative
materials.
• The most durable
esthetic material,
• Biologically compatible.
• Main draw-back is
brittleness and tendency
to fracture under
unfavorable tensile
stresses.
Applications:
• Single unit crowns
or Bridges.
—All Ceramic or
Porcelain jacket
crown (PJC)
— Metal ceramic
crown or porcelain
fused to metal
(PFM)
— Castable glass
ceramic crowns.
Applications

• Veneers for crowns

and bridges.

• Artificial teeth.

• Inlays and onlays.

• Ceramic brackets
used in orthodontia.

• Prefabricated labial
veneers for natural
teeth.
• How Does
Dental
Porcelain
Bond to
Metal
Porcelain metal bond

1- Chemical bonding across the porcelain

metal interface.
An adherent oxide layer is essential for good
bonding.

2- Mechanical interlocking between

porcelain and metal.
Presence of surface roughness on the metal
oxide surface gives retention, especially if
undercuts are present.
Classification
According to their Firing Temperature

1— High fusing - 1290to1370°C

2— Medium fusing - 1095to1260"C
3— Low fusing - 870to1065°C
4-Ultra-low < 850°C
According to Type

• Feldspathic or conventional porcelain

• Aluminous porcelain
• Glass infiltrated alumina
• Glass infiltrated spinel
• Glass ceramic.
According to Use

• Porcelain for artifical teeth

• Jacket crown, veneer and
inlay porcelain
• Metal ceramics
• Anterior bridge porcelain.
According to
Processing Method

•1- Sintered porcelain

•2- Cast porcelain
• 3-Machined porcelain.
According to the Method of Firing

• Air fired, i.e. at atmospheric pressure

• Vacuum fired, i.e. at reduced pressure.

Supplied asA kit containing:
1— Fine ceramic powders in different shades of enamel,
dentine, core/opaquer.
2— Special liquid/distilled water.
3— Stains or color modifiers.
4— Glaze powder.

Commercial name:

Ivoclar, vita, dentsply.

Composition
• Feldspar 60 to 80% -Basic glass former

• Kaolin 3 to 5% -Sinder

• Quartz 15 to 25% -Filler

• Alumina 8 to 20% -Glass former

• Oxides of 9 to 15% -Fluxes

Na, K and Ca

• Metallic pigments 1% -Color matching

less than
 Steps of metal ceramic restoration
fabrication
• - Wax- invest- cast alloy
framework.
• - Finish alloy framework.
• - Alloy oxidation (1000-1100 0c).
• - Opaque porcelain application
(1000-1100 0c).
• - Body-incisal porcelain (900 950
0c)
 Steps in Constructing Porcelain
Restorations
 Ceramic powder is  Grains of powder
mixed with water to fuse to form a
form a paste ceramic material
 Paste is formed into  After final

the desired shape adjustments are

and heated (fired) at made in the mouth,
a high temperature the crown is
removed and fired
again to glaze its
surface
Degassing

The casting is heated at 980°C to burn off the

impurities and be degassed.
Degassing form an oxide layer on the alloy
surface that helps bonding.
 Opaque Application
• Objectives of opaque
• layer:
• --Mask the metal
• --Restore the basic
shade
• --Initiate the porcelain
metal bond
 Opaque Application
Method:
• Opaque powder is mixed with distilled water
or special liquid
• A thin wash layer is applied with a brush
• Coping is dried and fired under vacuum
Opaque Application
 Opaque Porcelain

• Second opaque layer is

applied to mask the metal
• Opaque layer should be as
thin as possible
• Coping is gently vibrated
to condense porcelain and
remove excess water
• Opaque layer of porcelain
should be approx. 0.3 mm
thick
Mixing and building up of porcelain

A plastic mass is prepared by mixing porcelain powder

with liquid.

With a brush the plastic mass is applied over the matrix

to built up to the shape of a crown in a series of layers

•core or opaquer,
•dentine
•enamel .
Condensation

The process of packing the powder particles together

and removing excess water.

Purpose:

• To remove excess water so Reduces the shrinkage

• To adapt the paste to required form so Increase the
strength of porcelain
•Minimize porosity in the fired porcelain.
Methods of Condensation

1- Vibration

Mild vibration is used to densely pack the wet powder

upon the underlying matrix. The excess water comes to
the surface and it is blotted (remove discoloration) with
a tissue.

Vibration may be:

(a) Manual by rubbing a serrated instrument

(b) ultra sonic.
2- Spatulation
A small spatula is
used to apply and
smoothen the wet
porcelain.
The action brings
excess water to the
surface.
•
3- Brush technique

Dry powder is placed by a brush.

Water draws towards the dry powder
and the wet particles are pulled
together.

Note: Care is taken not to allow the

porcelain to dry out as the porcelain
powder is held together due to
surface tension of water.
Preheating

The condensed mass is not

inserted directly into the furnace.
It is first placed in front of the
muffle of a preheated furnace and
later inserted into the furnace.

If placed directly into the furnace,

the rapid formation of steam can
break up the condensed mass.
Firing

Firing is carried out for

fusing (sintering) the
porcelain.
The compacted mass
is placed on a fire clay
tray and inserted into
the muffle of the
ceramic or porcelain
furnace .
Firing Shrinkage

During firing the porcelain shrinks 30 to 40% by

volume.

The crown is built up to a larger size before firing.

During firing, there is partial fusion of the particles at
their point of contact.

As the temperature is raised the fused glass

gradually flows to fill up air spaces.
Cooling

Must be carried out slowly and

uniformly.
If shrinkage is not uniform it
causes cracking and loss of
strength.
Because of the low thermal
conductivity of porcelain, the
difference between the outside
and inside temperature causes
submicroscopic surface
cracks .
 Porcelain Surface Treatment
• Natural or Auto glaze
• Porcelain has the ability glaze
itself
• Applied over glaze
• Applied over glaze is a fusing
clear porcelain
• It is painted on surface
restoration and fired
• Polishing
• Rubberized abrasives and are
polishing compound are
• available to polish porcelain
Glazing

Purpose

To enhance strength, esthetics and hygiene

(polishing does not achieve a satisfactory
surface due to presence of porosity).

The glaze is also effective in reducing crack

propagation (proliferation).
Types

• Over glaze

The glaze powder is mixed with liquid,

applied over the smoothened crown and
fired at temperature lower than that of body
porcelain.
 Shade Modification
• Custom staining
• Dark shade is
impossible to lighten
• Used to create fracture
lines
• Areas of discoloration
To give natural
• appearance
 Polishing
• Relatively in small areas
of adjustment e.g.:
proximal and occlusal
contacts
• polished porcelain are
less destructive to tooth
structure in the opposing
arch than glazed
porcelain