• Demand for H2: local & global markets,

transportation & shipping means & cost, liquid

& compressed H2 gas storage & cost,…
 Global Hydrogen Production
Hydrogen at Glance

Green Produced from water by electrolysis, using Mostly pilot projects

renewable electricity (e.g., solar, wind). Nuclear
electricity can also be used in this manner to
produce hydrogen, and this is referred to as ‘yellow
hydrogen’.
Blue Produced by steam methane reforming with carbon Numerous demonstration size
capture, utilization and storage (CCUS), using natural
plants exist and are in
gas or biomass (thus with very low or no CO₂ development. The technology
emissions). is proven but needs to be
scaled to industrial size.
Gray Produced by steam methane reforming without CCUS, Most of the current
using natural gas. Gray hydrogen produces a lot of production.
CO₂.
Additional transmission & storage
capacity might be required.
 Hydrogen Transportation
Transportation Mode Hydrogen carrier
• Ships
Liquid H2 tanker, chemical tanker, etc
• Railway
Freight train, container train, etc
• Truck
Liquid H2 truck, chemical/gasoline tank truck, tube trailer for compressed gas
• Pipeline
H2 gas pipeline, natural gas pipeline

Liquid hydrogen is suitable for long-distance

transport, compressed gaseous hydrogen is suitable
for shorter distance in smaller amounts; while
pipelines are advantage for large volumes
 Hydrogen Storage
Physical Storage Hydrogen Storage Density
(compression or cooling or hybrid)

Compressed gaseous Hydrogen

CGH2
(350, 700 bar)

Cryo-compressed Hydrogen
CcH2

Liquefied Hydrogen
LH2

Slush Hydrogen
SH2
 Hydrogen Road Transportation

TUBE TRAILER CONTAINER TRAILER Liquid TRAILER

200-250 bar, 500 kg, ambient temp 500 bar, 1,000 kg, ambient temp 1-4 bar, 4,000 kg, cryogenic temp

Hydrogen Pipeline per Country

Shell Hydrogen Study 2017

• There are close to 5 000 km of hydrogen pipelines around the
world today, compared with around 3 million km of natural
gas transmission pipelines.
• existing hydrogen pipelines are operated by industrial
hydrogen producers and are mainly used to deliver hydrogen
to chemical and refinery facilities.
• Depend on the type of steel used in the pipeline and the
purity of hydrogen being transported
• 3 times more volume is needed to supply the same amount of
energy as natural gas
Hydrogen Production Cost for Different Technology Options, 2030
 Blending Hydrogen in Existing Natural Gas Grid

Germany and the United States

37 demonstration switched from town gas (with 50%
hydrogen) to natural gas in
projects examining
the 1960s and 1970s. The United
hydrogen blending in
Kingdom replaced 40 million
the gas grid
appliances at a cost of
USD 12 billion over 10 years (Dodds
and Ekins, 2013).

H2 Transmission options
- P/L is the cheapest option < 1500 km distance.
- Longer distance transmission as ammonia or Liquid Organic
Hydrogen Carrier “LOHC” more cost effective especially if H 2 needs 0.3-0.4 $/kgH2 3 times more volume is needed to
supply the same amount of energy
to be moved overseas, considering the cost of converting H2 into as natural gas
on top of the hydrogen
ammonia or LOHC and back again. production costs due to injection Additional transmission & storage
stations on the transmission and capacity might be required.
Distribution grids.