Power Transmission Devices

Objective: Transfer power from

Prime mover to machine
Long distance power transfer
One shaft to another shaft
Modify the speed/force
Control the power

Methods to transmit power

Belts
Ropes
Gears
Couplings
 Drives
Methods of drive
Individual drive
Group drive

In an individual drive or self contained drive, each

machine has its own electric motor and starter.
The motor may drive the machine shaft through direct
coupling or belt, chain, gear or through some multi or
variable speed transmission.
 Drives
In group drive, a very powerful motor drives an
overhead shaft (‘main shaft’) which runs from one end
to the other end of the shop.
The main shaft drives another shaft called
‘countershaft’ which in turn drives the machine drive-
shaft.
‘Fast and loose pulleys’ are provided on the
countershaft for starting and stopping the machine
spindle.
Individual drive Vs Group drive
Individual drive
1. Initial capital investment is high.
2. The speed of a machine can be
regulated independently.
3. It is suitable for a small size workshop
or where machines may be moved
frequently.
4. Failure of a motor, on an individual
machine does not affect other
machines.
5. Less power is wasted if the machines
are underutilized.
Group drive
1. Initial investment is low.
2. A set of cone pulleys give wide range
of spindle speed.
3. It is suitable for medium and large
size workshops where machines are not
scattered over large area.
4. Failure of this system stop all the
machines in the group.
5. It will be more economical when
utilization factor is high.
Belt drive
A belt is a thin inexpensive band wrapped tightly over two
pulleys which are mounted on shaft.
Used in mills and factories when the distance between
shaft is not very big.
The belt transmits power from the driving pulley to the
driven pulley by frictional resistance between belt and
surface of the pulley.
There is always some possibility of some slipping between
the belt and faces of pulley when the belt moves over
pulleys.
Types of belt drive
Open belt drive
Crossed belt or twist belt drive
Quarter twist drive
Right angle drive
Stepped pulley drive
First and loose pulley drive
Compound drive
 Types of belt drive
• Shafts are arranged in parallel and
they rotate in the same direction

Open belt drive

• Shafts are arranged in parallel but

need to be rotated in opposite
direction.
• Too much wear and tear.
• Used for larger distance between
shafts and lower speed only. Crossed belt drive
• The shafts are at right angles.
• Rotate in same definite direction.
• The face of the pulley should be
wide enough , not allowing the belt
to leave the pulley.

Quarter twist drive

• Used with axis making 90˚ with

each other.

Right angle drive

 • Used for stepped change in spindle
of driven shaft for constant speed of
driving shaft.

Stepped pulley drive

• Driving shaft rotates continuously

but driven is to be rotated and
stopped too often.
• Two pulleys mounted on driven
shaft.
• Fast pulley is keyed to shaft while
loose pulley is free.
Fast and loose pulley drive
 • Several shafts are driven from one
central shaft

Compound drives
Types of belts
Flat belt
V-belt
Ribbed belt
Toothed (timing) belt

 The choice among belt drives depends upon factors such as

o Speed
o Reduction ratio
o Centre distance
o Load capacity etc
 Pulley section Belt section
Flat belts
Leather, rubber, cotton and balata.
Operates on greater speeds.
Can be crossed to provide opposite
direction
Available in form of long strap
V-belts
Able to transmit higher torque
Less width and tension than flat
belts
Used at short center distance
Made up of Fabric, vulcanized
rubber with a cotton or nylon
Timing belt
Endless flat belts with regularly spaced teeth formed on
one side.
Rope drive
Rope drive is very similar to belt drive.
It is classified as:
o Fibre ropes
o Wire ropes
Fibre ropes are made of manila or
cotton. Wire ropes are made of steel
wires. A number of wires make a strand
and strands make a rope.
Each strand is twisted with other
strands. Rope may have three strands
or nine strands, and each strand may
have 7–19 wires, depending on its
application.
Gear Drives
 Gear Drive
Compact power transmission device that controls the
speed, torque and direction of rotation of driven shaft.
Gears are toothed disc which transmit power from one
shaft to the other by meshing with teeth of other gears
Classification:
 Spur
 Helical
 Bevel
 Hypoid
 Worm
Gear Terminology
 Gear Terminology
Pitch diameter: D
D
Circular pitch: Pc 
N
D
Module: Ratio of pitch diameter to number of teeth:m 
T
 Gear ratio: Ratio of number of teeth on gear to pinion:
T
G
t
Addendum: Circle passing through the tips of the teeth
Dedendum: Circle passing through the roots of the teeth
Velocity ratio: Ratio of angular velocity of driving gear to
driven:  N1 D2 T2
VR    
 N 2 D1 T1
 Law of Gearing
“If angular velocities of two
mating gears remain constant,
the common normal at the
point of the two teeth should
always pass through a fixed
point P which divides the line
joining the centres in the
inverse ratio of angular
velocities of the gears”.
 Forms of teeth
Cycloidal profile teeth: A cycloid is the locus of
points on the circumference of the circle that rolls
without slipping on a fixed straight line.

Cycloidal Profile Cycloidal Gear Meshing

 Forms of teeth
Involute profile teeth: An involute profile is a plane
curve generated by the points on tangent on a circle
which rolls without slipping or by points on a tight
string which is unwrapped from a reel.

Involute Profile Involute Gear Meshing

 Cycloidal gears advantages
Cycloidal Gears
Difficult to manufacture
Has two profiles
Pressure angle is not constant
Change in centre distance affects velocity ratio
Interferance cant occur, Undercut is not necessary
Has spreading flank, hence stronger teeth
Concave surface in contact with convex, hence less wear
 Involute gears advantages
Involute Gears
Easy to manufacture
Has single profile
Constant pressure angle
Change in centre distance doesn’t affect velocity ratio
Interface can occur, Undercut is necessary
Has radial flank, hence weaker teeth
Concave surfaces in contact, hence more wear
 Gear classification
Gears can be classified according to position of shafts.
Parallel shafts:
 Spur gears
 Helical gears
 Double helical/Herringbone gears
Intersecting Shafts:
 Bevel gears
 Hypoid gears
 Worm gears
 Spur Gears
Most commonly used gear
Teeth parallel to the axis
Inexpensive and efficient
Cannot be used when a
direction change between
two shafts is required
Can only be used for
smaller speeds because of
noise creation at higher
speeds
 Helical Gears
 Teeth are at an angle to the shaft,
and are longer too
 Teeth have helical path
 Mating gears have equal helix
angle and opposite hand
 No tooth impact. Gradual contact
of tooth
 Smooth, Silent, used at high speed
 Generates axial thrust
 Tooth strength is greater than spur
gears
 Due to greater surface contact: it
can carry more load but lower
efficiency
 Expensive and much more difficult
to manufacture
 Double Helical/Herringbone Gears
They have one a right hand
helix and other a left hand
helix
Teeth of two rows are
separated by a groove.
Can run at high speeds with
less noise and vibrations.
Herringbone are same as
double helical but are joined
in the middle of the gear
circumference, so more
compact
 Bevel Gears
Used to transfer power
between intersecting shafts
Teeth are formed on a conical
surface
Application: Differential in
automobiles
Straight Bevel gears
 Teeth are radial
 For low speed

Spiral bevel gear

 Teeth are arc
 For high speed
Bevel Gears
 Hypoid Gears
They resemble spiral bevels
Axis of the pinion shaft and
gear shaft do not intersect
Provides greater rigidity
 Worm Gears
If a tooth of a helical gear
makes complete revolutions
on the pitch cylinder, the
resulting gear is the worm
gear

Very high speed reduction

and force/torque increment
Worm Gears
 Rack and pinion
Gear of infinite radius
Involute for circle with infinite radius becomes straight
line
Used in automobile steering mechanism
Couplings
 Introduction and classification
A device used to connect two shafts together at their ends for
transmitting power.
Rigid or fast coupling
Muff coupling
Flange coupling
Does not permit axial misalignment
Non Rigid couplings
Connect shaft not in alignment
Flexible bushed coupling
Oldham coupling
Hook’s joint
 Rigid flange coupling
Designed to draw two shafts
together tightly so that no
relative motion can occur
between them

Used when precise alignment of

two shafts is required

Load path is from driving shaft

to its flange through bolts, into
the mating flange and out to the
driven shaft

Protected/Unprotected
 Rigid flange coupling
Advantages
 High torque transmission
capacity
 Easy to assemble and
disassemble
 Simple design and easy to
manufacture
Disadvantages
 Cannot tolerate misalignment
 Can be used only where the
motion is free form shocks and
vibration
 Requires more space than muff
coupling
Muff coupling
Uses key
Split muff coupling
Enhanced sleeve coupling
Two halves connected with bolts
Heavy duty
Can be easily fitted or refitted
 Flexible bushed coupling
Rubber bushings over bolts/pins
provide flexibility and can
accommodate some
misalignment
Advantages
 Can bear 0.5 mm of lateral or
axial misalignment
 Prevents shocks and vibrations
 Used for transmission of high
torque
 Easy to assemble and disassemble
Disadvantages
 Costly
 Requires more radial space
Universal/Hook’s joint
 Universal/Hook’s joint
Accommodates misalignment
more than 30.
Angular misalignment up to
450
Consists of two yokes, a centre
bearing block, and two pins
pass through the block at right
angles
Double universal joints allow
more offset, second joint
cancels the non uniform
oscillation of first joint
Clutches
 Introduction and classification
A device used to engage and disengage the driven shaft from
driving shaft during the motion to change the gears meshing
without stopping the driving shaft.

Operation is based on friction

Classification
Single plate/disc clutch
Multi-plate disc clutch
Conical clutch
Centrifugal clutch
 Single plate clutch
How Clutches Work.mp4
Multi-plate disc clutch
 Disc clutch summary
Less heating, limited power,
Handle shock,
Handle acceleration
Uses Spring force to connect
Can be multidisc
 Cone clutch
Friction surface makes a cone angle 2β.
Advantage: Higher normal force
 Centrifugal clutch
Works on the principle of
centrifugal force
As driving shaft rotates at
high speed, the shoes move
rapidly outward
Outer surface of shoes are
covered with friction
material which engages the
pulley
Thus pulley rotates with
driving shaft
Centrifugal clutch

Keeps driving element unloaded till it is running at enough speed

Brakes
Brakes
Frictional resistance to stop machine motion
Used in automobile, lift, hoist
Converts kinetic energy into heat
Difference between Clutch and Brake
Types of mechanical brakes
Block or shoe brake
Band brake
Band and block brake
Internal expanding brake
 Block/Shoe brake
A shoe or block is pressed
against the drum

Force can be increased by

using a lever

Brake lining is made of

softer materials so that it
can be replaced easily after
wearing
Band brake
Steel and with friction lining, ropes, leather
Hoist, Merry go round
Band and block brake
Combination of band and block brakes
Number of blocks on drum with the band
Internal expanding shoe brake
Two semi-circular shoes lined with frictional materials
Shoe inside the drum, drum rotates freely
When brake applied – shoe expands and press drum
Automobile, good heat dissipative, self-energizing

How Car Brake Works.mp4

Bearings
Bearings
Support long shafts
For shaft to rotate freely
Reduce friction at joints

Types
Journal bearings
Foot step bearings
Thrust bearings
Journal bearings
Journal bearings
Bearing pressure perpendicular to shaft
Takes sideward/radial load shaft

Pivot bearing
Load parallel to shaft
Takes axial load

Thrust/collar bearing
Has collars to take axial load
Solid Journal bearings
Solid bearings
Simplest
Oil hole for lubrication

Low speed and light weight

Bushed bearings
Has bush of brass and gun metal
Lesser friction
Bush fixed in bearing
Bush can be easily replaced
Suitable at shaft ends

Open bearing
Easy for refitting
Suitable at shat midway too
Essential for crank shaft
Swivel bearings
Supports self aligning shafts
Ball and roller bearings
Has minimum rolling friction
Automobiles, machinery, home appliances etc
Need least lubrication
Can be used for various types of loads
and mis alignment
Cage

Inner race

Outer race
Roller bearings
Use rollers instead of balls
Has line contact instead of point
Used for heavy loads
Tapered roller bearings
Can be used to take axial thrust in one direction
Rollers are tapered
Thrust bearing
Can take axial thrust
Used for load in shaft direction
Spherical roller bearings
 Has spherical rollers. Permits angular misalignment
 Inner cage can rotate in any direction with respect

to outer case
Thank you