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Transline Final
Transline Final
Transline Final
LINES
TRANSMISSION LINES (TL)
TRANSVERSE
ELECTROMAGNETIC HIGHER ORDER
TRANSMISSION LINE
(TEM) TL
Consists of a solid
center conductor
surrounded by a
plastic insulator
(Teflon).
One conductor is
connected to
ground
TRANSVERSE
ELECTROMAGNETIC
STRIPLINE (FLAT METALLIC
GROUND PLANE)
A microwave transmission
line constructed of a center
conductor suspended
between parallel conductive
ground planes
MICROSTRIP
Consists of the
top strip and its
image below the
ground plane.
Analogous to
parallel wire line.
HIGHER ORDER TL
Series Resistance
(Ω/m)
Series Inductance
(H/m)
Shunt Capacitance
(F/m)
Shunt Conductance
(S/m)
TRANSMISSION LINE
EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT
SECONDARY CONSTANTS
Zo = characteristic impedance
Impedance measured at the source when the
line is infinite (Ω)
δ = propagation constant
Used to express the signal loss and phase
shift per section along a transmission line.
TRANSMISSION LINE
EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT
AT RADIO AT AUDIO
FREQUENCY: FREQUENCY:
XL >> R R>>XL
1/XC>>G G>>1/XC
WHERE:
XL=ωL=2πfL Xc=1/ ω C=1/2πfC
CHARACTERISTIC
IMPEDANCE (ZO)
Zo = √(Z/Y); Ω
Where:
Z = series impedance / section
Z = R + jωL(Ω /m)
Y = shunt admittance / section
Y = G + jωC
Therefore:
CHARACTERISTIC
IMPEDANCE (ZO)
AT RADIO AT AUDIO
FREQUENCIES FREQUENCIES
(R=G=0): (ωL=ωC=0):
Zo = L Ω Zo = R Ω
C G
CHARACTERISTIC
IMPEDANCE (ZO)
FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE
CHARACTERISTIC IMPEDANCE OF A
TRANSMISSION LINE:
GEOMETRY
OF THE
SIZE
CONDUCTOR
SPACING
DIELECTRIC CONSTANT OF THE INSULATOR
CHARACTERISTIC
IMPEDANCE (ZO)
ZO OF PARALLEL WIRE LINE
δ = √(Z)(Y)
δ = √(R + jωL)(G + jωC)
δ = α+jβ
Where:
α = attenuation coefficient
β = Phase shift coefficient
VELOCITY FACTOR
The ratio of the transmission speed in the
transmission line and the transmission
speed in free space
Physical length
Ex: s = 10 km
Length in terms of λ (1° = βs)
Ex: s = 0.25 λ β = 360 °/ λ
Electrical length
Ex: l ° = 120 ° ;
TRANSMISSION LINE LOSSES
RADIATION LOSSES
Transmission line acts as an antenna if the
separation of the conductors in appreciable fraction
of a wavelength
Increased with frequency
ZL = Z o
matched line
non-resonant
(Resistive)
Flat Line
WHEN SIGNAL REACHES
THE LOAD
A portion of the
signal is
absorbed by the
load and some is
returned to the
source.
ZL ≠ Zo
ZL = R ± jX
WHEN SIGNAL REACHES
THE LOAD
Γ = V R / VI = I R / I I
0 ≤ │Γ │ ≤ 1
Γ = (ZL – ZO) / (ZL+ZO)
Γ = (Vmax – Vmin) / (Vmax + Vmin)
REFLECTION COEFFICIENT
At matched line; ZL = Zo
Γ = 0; most desirable
RL = 1 / Γ
RLdB = 20 log(1 / Γ)
STANDING WAVE RATIO
At matched line, ZL = ZO
SWR = 1 ; most desirable
STANDING WAVE RATIO
λ/
2
λ/
4
At short circuited
line,
ZL = 0
SWR = ∞
STANDING WAVE RATIO
a. Quarter wavelength
Minimum current
Maximum voltage
Maximum impedance
b. Half wavelength
Maximum current
Minimum Voltage
Minimum Impedance
STANDING WAVE RATIO
λ/
2
λ/
4
At open circuited
line,
ZL = ∞
SWR = ∞
STANDING WAVE RATIO
a. Quarter wavelength
Maximum current
Minimum voltage
Minimum impedance
b. Half wavelength
Minimum current
Maximum Voltage
Maximum Impedance
STANDING WAVE RATIO
ZOT = √ZOZL
TRANSMISSION LINE SECTIONS
AND THEIR LC EQUIVALENTS
TRANSMISSION EQUIVALENT
LINE CIRCUIT
λ/
4
TRANSMISSION LINE
COMPONENTS
DOUBLE STUB
Adjustable stub
which could cope
with frequency or
load impedance
changes and still
give adequate
matching
TRANSMISSION LINE
COMPONENTS
Choke, sleeve, bazooka
BALUN A circuit element used to connect
a balanced line to an unbalanced
line or antenna
TRANSMISSION LINE
COMPONENTS
DIRECTIONAL COUPLER
Used to measure
the power being
delivered to a load
or an antenna
through a
transmission line.
TRANSMISSION LINE
COMPONENTS
REFLECTOMETER
A device used to
measure standing
wave ratio.
TRANSMISSION LINE
COMPONENTS
SLOTTED LINE
A piece of coaxial
line with a narrow
longitudinal slot in
the outer conductor
which permits
convenient and
accurate
measurement of
standing waves.
TRANSMISSION LINE
COMPONENTS
SMITH CHART
A Polar impedance
diagram, which consists
of two sets of circles, or
arcs of circles, which are
so arranged that various
important quantities
connected with
mismatched transmission
lines may b plotted an
evaluated fairly easily.
QUESTIONS
A. Channels
B. Optical cables
C. Transmission lines
D. Waveguides
QUESTIONS
A. Coaxial cables
B. Open-wire transmission lines
C. Optical cables
D. Waveguides
QUESTIONS
A. Coaxial cables
B. Open-wire transmission line
C. Optical cables
D. Waveguides
QUESTIONS
A. Series resistance
B. Series inductance
C. Shunt capacitance
D. Shunt conductance
QUESTIONS
A.5 Ω
B.50 Ω
C.500 Ω
D.5 KΩ
QUESTIONS
11. The Zo of an open-wire balance line is
determined from its physical structure.
[ Zo = 276 log (2S/d) where S is the center-
to-center distance of the conductors and d
is the diameter of the conductor ]. At what
condition is the Zo minimum?
A. S=d
B. S = 2d
C. d = 2S
D. S >> d
QUESTIONS
A. Kept constant
B. Decreased
C. Increased
D. Halved
QUESTIONS
A. ZO > ZL
B. ZO < ZL
C. ZL = ZO
D. ZO = ZL
QUESTIONS
A. Electromagnetic wave
B. Sine wave
C. Standing wave
D. Current
QUESTIONS
A. More
B. Less
C. No
D. Ten (10)
QUESTIONS
A. Reflection coefficient
B. Standing wave ratio
C. Loss
D. Standing waves
QUESTIONS
A. Zero
B. One
C. 100
D. Infinite
QUESTIONS
A. Reflection coefficient
B. Standing wave ratio
C. Loss
D. Standing waves
QUESTIONS
A. Zero
B. One
C. 100
D. Infinite
QUESTIONS
A. 0.67
B. 1.0
C. 1.2
D. 1.5
QUESTIONS
A. Antenna
B. Coupler
C. Resonant circuit
D. Transformer
QUESTIONS
A. Linearly
B. Inversely
C. Exponentially
D. Logarithmically
QUESTIONS
A. Propagation constant
B. Attenuation constant
C. Phase constant
D. SWR
QUESTIONS
A. Characteristic impedance
B. Inductance
C. Capacitance
D. Propagation constant
QUESTIONS
A. Attenuation constant
B. Reflection constant
C. Phase constant
D. Characteristic impedance
QUESTIONS
A. 1.732 KΩ
B. 20 Ω
C. 200 Ω
D. 173.21 Ω
QUESTIONS
A. 8.686 x 10-3
B. 8.686
C. 4.343
D. 0.115
QUESTIONS
A. Reflection coefficient
B. SWR
C. VSWR
D. Propagation constant
QUESTIONS
33. A more common method of expressing the
degree of mismatch between Zo and ZL is
return loss. [Return Loss = 20 log (1/
reflection coefficient)]. Echoes may result if
return loss is
A. Too high
B. Too low
C. Zero
D. Infinite
QUESTIONS
A. Added
B. Neutralized
C. Multiplied
D. Divided
QUESTIONS
A. Increased
B. Decreased
C. Be the same
D. Doubled
QUESTIONS
37. Which statement is true?
A. 150 to 600 Ω
B. 40 to 150 Ω
C. 75 to 400 Ω
D. 75 to 600 Ω
QUESTIONS
A. 150 to 600 Ω
B. 40 to 150 Ω
C. 75 to 400 Ω
D. 75 to 600 Ω
QUESTIONS
40. Often inserted in telephone lines at
spacing as close as 1 (1.6km), to
counteract the capacitance of the line and
thus make the line impedance more closely
equivalent to a pure resistance
A. Amplifiers
B. Transformer
C. Equalizer
D. Loading coils
QUESTIONS
A. Filter method
B. Scrambling
C. Feedback
D. Transposing
QUESTIONS
A. RG-214/U
B. RG-59/U
C. RG-11/U
D. RG-58/U
QUESTIONS
A. RG-214/U
B. RG-59/U
C. RG-11/U
D. Twin lead
QUESTIONS
A. RG-214/U
B. RG-59/U
C. RG-11/U
D. Twin lead
QUESTIONS
A. RG-214/U
B. RG-59/U
C. RG-11/U
D. Twin lead
QUESTIONS
A. RG-214/U
B. RG-59/U
C. RG-11/U
D. RG-58/U
QUESTIONS
A. 2.4 dB
B. 3.3 dB
C. 4.8 dB
D. 6.6 dB
QUESTIONS
A. Wavelength constant
B. Propagation constant
C. Velocity factor
D. Velocity of light
QUESTIONS
51. This transmission line is used in
microwave circuit. It consists of a narrow,
flat conductor sandwiched between
dielectric boards whose outside surfaces
are coated with conductor
A. Stripline
B. Microstrip
C. Waveguide
D. Coax
QUESTIONS
52. Is a narrow, flat conductor on a single
dielectric board whose opposite face is
metallized, much like an ordinary printed-
circuit board. It is also used in microwave
circuits
A. Stripline
B. Microstrip
C. Waveguide
D. Coax
QUESTIONS
A. Stub
B. Resonant circuit
C. Balun
D. Coupler
QUESTIONS
A. Conduction loss
B. Radiation loss
C. Dielectric loss
D. Corona
QUESTIONS
A. At quarter-wavelength
B. At half-wavelength
C. At less than λ/5
D. At less than λ/4
QUESTIONS
A. 60 cycles
B. 6 cycles
C. 16.67 cycles
D. 32.26 cycles
QUESTIONS
A. 77.5 Ω
B. 50 Ω
C. 75 Ω
D. 100 Ω
QUESTIONS
58. For a transmission line giving a maximum
rms voltage reading of 50 V at one point
and a minimum rms voltage reading 25 V
at another point. What is the VSWR of the
line?
A. 2
B. 4
C. 1
D. 5
QUESTIONS
A. 500 Ω
B. 250 Ω
C. 491 Ω
D. 75 Ω
QUESTIONS
A. Minimum
B. Maximum
C. Either a or b
D. Neither a or b
QUESTIONS
A. 321
B. 48
C. 298
D. 412
QUESTIONS
A. 1
B. -1
C. 0
D. Infinity
QUESTIONS
A. 0
B. 3
C. 2
D. 4
QUESTIONS
A. Short circuit
B. Open circuit
C. Pure reactance
D. Complex impedance
QUESTIONS
A. Below 2 GHz
B. At 300 MHz
C. Above 10 kHz
D. Above 10 Ghz
QUESTIONS
A. 0.25
B. 4
C. 2
D. 0.5
QUESTIONS
A. Philip H. Smith
B. James N. Smith
C. Philip S. Chart
D. Gunn Chart
QUESTIONS
A. Reflectometer
B. Wavemeter
C. Altimeter
D. Multimeter
QUESTIONS
A. 0°
B. 40°
C. 90°
D. 180°
QUESTIONS
A. Open
B. Shorted
C. Loaded
D. complex
PHIL LOMBOY,
KAPUSO MO
NGAYONG PASKO.