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The second revolution ( around 1960s)
The Toyota supply chain
The third revolution ( around 1995)
The Dell supply chain
Requirements of Manufacturing
“Make an increasing variety of products, on shorter lead
times with smaller runs and flawless quality. Improve ROI
by automating and introducing new technology in process
and materials so that price can be reduced to meet local
and foreign competition. Mechanize - but keep schedules
flexible, inventories low, capital costs minimal and work
force contended”
- Skinner, 1985
Simultaneous Priorities
Integration
of Demand ( customer) and Supply ( all other supply chain functions)
Within
each company, the supply chain includes all functions involved in fulfilling a
customer request ( product development, marketing, operations, distribution,
finance, customer service).
Customer
is an integral part of the supply chain management.
Includes
movement of products from suppliers to manufacturers to distributors but
also includes movement of information, funds and products in both the directions.
Probably
more accurate to use the term “ supply network” or “ Supply web”.
Supply chain – Definition
Retailer Customer
Manufacturer
B2C
Customer
Manufacturer
B 2 B ( BHEL to
NTPC)
A typical supply chain
Customer
Third party Big Bazar demands
P & G or other
Distribution Supermarket detergent at B.
manufacturer
company Bazar
Information ( independent)
Supply
chain Customers
elements Product ( reverse of fund)
Traditionally only one way
Quality control
Design of supply chain, Inventory policies
partnering Production planning and
Purchasing polices
control
Network design approach Transportation policies Heuristic or rough cut approach
Quality policies
Production Decisions
Inventory Decisions
Transportation Decisions
Information Decisions
Location Decisions
The geographic placement of production facilities.
Inventory levels
Tier 2 Tier 1
suppliers suppliers Producer Distributor Customers
Ordering
Reasons for Bull whip effect
More number of
Layers
Delays
Rate of change of demand
High fluctuation of demand
Each layer
Updates its forecast in varying patterns
Place order at different times
Price fluctuations
Promotion activities ill-coordinated
Rationing of supply
Methods to avoid bull whip
Choice between
An efficient supply chain &
A responsive supply chain
Criterion Functional Innovative
Source : Fisher (1997) what is the right supply chain for your product. HBR Mar-Apr
1997
The objective of a supply chain : Valuation terms