FLUID DYNAMICS

Phys 5306
By Mihaela-Maria Tanasescu

GOVERNING EQUATIONS
COANDA EFFECT
                    

• Fluid dynamics is the key to our

understanding of some of the most
important phenomena in our physical world:
ocean currents and weather systems.
• The continuity assumption:
Knudsen Number
Continuum mechanics
Modeling fluids
• Governing equations
Conservation equations
Constitutive equations
• Aerodynamics application
Physics of flight and the Coanda effect
Knudsen number

• Problems with Knudsen numbers at or

above unity must be evaluated using
statistical mechanics for reliable solutions
The continuity assumption

• The continuity assumption considers fluids to be

continuos. That is, properties such as density,
pressure, temperature, and velocity are taken to
be well-defined at infinitely small points, and are
assumed to vary continuously from one point to
another. The discrete, molecular nature of a fluid
is ignored
• density ρ(r,t)
• flow velocity u(r,t)
• pressure p(r,t)
• temperature T(r,t)
The continuum method is generaly
used to describe fluid dynamics
• The vast majority of phenomena
encoutered in fluid mechanics fall well
within the continuum domain and may
involve liquids as well as gases
Modeling fluids

• Eulerian description: a fixed reference frame is

employed relative to which a fluid is in motion;

• Time and spatial position in this reference frame, {t, r}

are used as independent variables
• The fluid variables such as mass, density, pressure and
flow velocity which describe the physical state of the
fluid flow in question are dependent variables as they
are functions of the independent variables
Modeling fluids

• Lagrangian description the fluid is

described in terms of its constituent
fluid elements;
• Attention is fixed on a particular
mass of fluid as it flows
 Modeling fluids
• Control volumes
• The control volume is arbitrary in shape and each conservation
principle is applied to an integral over the control volume
Modeling fluids

• Reynold’s Transport Theorem:

• Relates the lagrangian derivative of a volume integral of a
given mass to a volume integral in which the integrand has
eulerian derivatives only

D   

Dt V
 dV   
V
 t
   ( u ) dV

Governing equations

• The governing equations consist of

conservation equations and constitutive
equations;
• conservation equations apply whatever
the material studied;
• constitutive equations depend from the
material;
Governing equations
Conservation equations
• Conservation of mass-
Continuity equation:  
 (  uk )  0
t xk

• Continuity equation  uk

for an incompressible  0
fluid: t xk
Governing equations
Conservation equations

• Conservation of momentum
The principle of conservation of momentum
is in fact an application of Newton’s
second law of motion to an element of
fluid
uj uj  ij
   uk    fi
t xk xi
Governing equations
Conservation equations
• Conservation of energy
the modified form of the first law of thermodynamics
applied to an element of fluid states that the rate of
change in the total energy (intrinsic plus kinetic) of the
fluid as it flows is equal to the sum of the rate at which
work is being done on the fluid by external forces and
the rate on which heat is being added by conduction

e e uk   T   u k 
2
 uj ui  uj
   uk  p   k        
t xk xk x j  x j    x k   x i x j  xj
Constitutive equations
 
• The nine elements of the stress tensor have been expressed in
terms of the pressure and the velocity gradients and two
coefficients  and . These coefficients cannot be determined
analytically and must be determined empirically. They are the
viscosity coefficients of the fluid.

uk  uj ui 

 ij   p ij   ij   
xk  xi xj 

• The second constitutive relation isFourier’s

T Law for heat conduction
qj  k
xj
Navier-Stokes Equations
 
• The equation of momentum conservation
together with the constitutive relation for a
Newtonian fluid yield the famous Navier-Stokes
equations, which are the principal conditions to
be satisfied by a fluid as it flows
 
Navier-Stokes Equations
• The central equations for fluid dynamics are the Navier-
Stokes equations, which are non-linear differential
equations that describe the flow of a fluid whose stress
depends linearly on velocity and on pressure. The
unsimplified equations do not have a general closed-form
solution, so they are only of use in computational fluid
dynamics. The equations can be simplified in a number of
ways. All of the simplifications make the equations easier
to solve. Some of them allow appropriate fluid dynamics
problems to be solved in closed form
Navier-Stokes Equations
 
uj uj p   uk     ui uj  
   uk           f
t xk xj xj  xk  xi   xj xi  

uj uj p  uj 2
   uk    2   fi
t xk xj  xi
"That we have written an equation does not
remove from the flow of fluids its charm or
mystery or its surprise." --Richard Feynman
[1964]

• Coanda Effect
"That we have written an equation does not
remove from the flow of fluids its charm or
mystery or its surprise." --Richard Feynman
[1964]
• Coanda effect
• The Coanda Effect works with any of our usual fluids, such as air at
usual temperature, pressures and speeds
Henri Coanda

• Romanian Scientist (1886-1972)

• One of the pioneers of the aviation, parent of the modern jet
aircraft
• Coanda-1910 - a revolutionary aircraft in many ways. First and
foremost, it is now being recognized as the first jet engine aircraft,
making its first and only flight on 16 December, 1910.
Coanda's aircraft was the first to have no propeller. This was 30
years prior to Heinkel, Campini, and Whittle who have been
considered the "fathers" of jet flight. Missing financial support,
Coanda did not pursue further development of his "reactive" aircraft
• The engine was the real innovation, and it is lost to the aircraft
industry that development was not further pursued in 1910.
 Henri Coanda
                 
 
                                 
                    
           
• Aerodina lenticulara in 1934 he was granted a
   
French patent related to the Coandă Effect;
• in 1935, he used
           
 
the same principle as the basis for a
hovercraft called "Aerodina                
              which
Lenticulara",              
was very
similar in shape to the flying saucers;  
• later being bought by USAF and become a classified project
• Henri Coanda’s sketches for his “aerodina lenticulara”
Henri Coanda
"These airplanes we have today are no more than
a perfection of a child's toy made of paper. In
my opinion, we should search for a completely
different flying machine, based on other flying
principles. I imagine a future aircraft, which will
take off vertically, fly as usual, and land
vertically. This flying machine should have no
moving parts. This idea came from the huge
power of cyclones."