HEMATOLOGIC

DIAGNOSTIC TEST
By
Nerio c. espinosa rn., man
 Blood Components
Plasma comprises 55% of total
blood volume
RBC or formed elements
comprises 40-45%
Plateletes and WBC is 1% or less
 Complete blood count
• WBC 5.00-10.00= infection increase number of WBC
are sent from the bone marrow to attract bacteria or
virus.
• Increase condition: mild infection; appendicitis;
pregnancy; leukemia; hemorrhage;and other
condition
• Decrease condition: Lupus; cirrhosis; and cancer.
Radiation therapy and certain drugs.
• Low WBC means patient’s immune system is
compromise
 Differential count
• Neutophils
*Increased by osteomyelitis, otitis media,
septecemia, gonorrhea, endocarditis, chicken pox,
stress response, inflamatory disease, rheumatic
fever, guot, vasculitis, myositis
*Decreased by bone marrow depression caused by
radiation or cytotoxic drugs, infections such as
typhoid, hepatitis or influenza, autoimmune diseases
such as SLE, and deficiency of folic acid and vit. B12
 Differential count
• Eosinophils
Increased by allergic disorders, parasitic
infections, skin diseases, and neoplastic
disease

Decreased by stress response and Cushing’s

syndrome
 Differential count
• Basophils
Count increased by chronic myelocytic
leukomea, Hodgkin’s disease, ulcerative colitis
and chronic hypersensitivity reaction

Decreased by hyperthyroidism, ovulation,

pregnancy and stress
 Differential count
• Lymphocytes
Increased by infections, thyrotoxicosis,
hypoadrenalism, ulcerative colitis, immune
diseases and lymphocytic leukemia

Decreased by severe debilitating illnesses,

defective lymphatic circulation, high level of
adrenal corticostiroids and immunideficiency
 Differential count
• Monocytes
Increased by infections, autoimmune diseases
and carcinomas, monocytic leukemia and
lymphoma
 Red blood cell
• RBC= contains hemoglobin that transport Oxygen and
Carbon dioxide to and from the system.
• Decrease RBC means anemia; Increase RBC means
polycythemia
• Common cause of abnormal RBC count are iron
deficiency anemia due to chronic blood
loss(menstruation, Colon cancer); acute blood
loss(bleeding, trauma, ulcer); hereditary(sickle cell
anemia); and/or improper diet.
• Polycythemia is relatively uncommon
 Hemoglobin
• HEMOGLOBIN= Decrease hemoglobin often
indicate anemia and usually patient have
decrease RBC and hematocrit (Hct) count
• Paleness, shortness of breath and fatigue will
start to show when patient has low
hemoglobin count.
 Hematocrit
• HEMATOCRIT= measure how much of patients
blood is made up of RBC. This measurement is
important in identifying anemia, liver disease
and RBC production in the bone marrow.
Hematocrit increases during dehydration and
polycythemia.
• If the patient has polycythemia, there is risk
for stroke or myocardial infarction due to clot.
• PLATELET COUNT= Platelets help stops
bleeding. It may change with bleeding
disorder, heart disease, heart disease,
inflammatory disease and anemia.
• Over the counter drugs such as aspirin and
certain herbal products such as ginkgo biloba
may affect platelet counts
 ERYTHROCYTE SEDEMENTATION RATE

ESR measures the degree of erythrocytes or

RBC, settling during a specified time period. As
the RBCs descend on the tube, they displace
an equal volume of plasma upward, which
shows the downward progress of other
settling blood elements.
 earliest indicator of disease when other
chemical or physical signs are normal.
 Rises in widespread inflammatory disorders .
cause by infection or auto immune
mechanism, blood cell dyscrasias, rheumatoid
fever and arthritis.
 0-15 mm/hr in male and 0-20 in females
 Polycythemia, sickle cell anemia, hyper
viscosity or low plasma fibrinogen tend to
depress ESR
THANK YOU!!