GRAMMARIN

G
WHAT IS GRAMMARING

“ a set of rules for memorization?”

“ In most cases students don't need to know about th language, they need to be able to use the
language.”
-> Grammaring ( coined by Diane Larsen-Freeman )

**more than grammar

- ongoing process in a particular context, not static knowledge - not about knowing language systems,
but about knowing how to use language - the fifth skill to use grammar structures accurately,
meaningfully , and appropriately

**more than teaching

- not only teaching rules - by helping students learn how to figure out their language choices in grammar
GRAMMATICALIZATION

• In historical linguistics and language change, grammaticalization (also

known as grammatization or grammaticization) is a process of language
change by which words representing objects and actions (i.e. nouns and
verbs) become grammatical markers (affixes, prepositions, etc.).

• Thus it creates new function words by a process other than deriving them
from existing bound, inflectional constructions, instead deriving them from
content words.

• For example, the Old English verb willan 'to want', 'to wish' has become the Modern English
auxiliary verb will, which expresses intention or simply futurity. Some concepts are often
grammaticalized, while others, such as evidentiality, are not so much.
MISTAKES, ERRORS, AND FEEDBACK

• Mistakes --------- are slips which students can correct themselves once the mistake
has pointed out to them. They are not common among most students.
• Errors ----- mistakes which students can not correct themselves and which need
explanation.
• --When responding to errors teachers should be seen as providing feedback,
helping students to reshape their knowledge rather than telling students off because
they are wrong.
• --Teachers’ reactions towards their students’ errors (you are not a bad teacher).
FEEDBACK DURING ORAL WORK

• Feedback -------- IS assessment + correction

Though feedback can be very helpful during oral work,teachers should not deal with
all oral production in thesame way. Decisions about how to react to our
students’performance will depend upon
-The stage of the lesson
-The activity ( communicative and non communicativeactivities).
-The type of mistake made and
-The particular student who is making the mistake
SPOKEN AND WRITTEN GRAMMAR

• We don't notice what we say in the same way as we do

when we write.
•  By using corpora, we see how people really do speak and
not how we think they should.

• Spoken grammar is flexible in its word order.  This is good

news for language learners. 
• Spoken grammar is much less strict than written.
SPOKEN AND WRITTEN GRAMMAR

• The 100 most common words in written grammar are

prepositions, pronouns and articles - the small words which
give correct grammatical structure to sentences.
 
• In spoken English, many of the top 100 words are verbs.
SPOKEN AND WRITTEN GRAMMAR

• In spoken language, we have common knowledge - gauging

what the other person understands, sharing a common
view.
• Spoken grammar needs the function of constant checking
which isn't necessary in writing. 
• If we don't check, we speak in monologue rather than
dialogue.
• So, we constantly use checking phrases like 'Do you see?' or
'You know what I mean'.
SPOKEN AND WRITTEN GRAMMAR

• Spoken grammar also has 'response tokens' not used in written

grammar - wonderful, certainly, great, definitely, etc.
• These are very important to effective oral communication.

• This is a native speaker example from the BBC:

'And my grandmother, I've never forgotten, when we were small,
my sister and I, she used to take us down and we'd sing to the seals.’

• This was said by an educated person and demonstrates that it's perfectly OK in
spoken English for the subject to apparently be unclear.  In fact, this structure is
deemed to make the speaker sound friendlier. That's probably what Prince Charles
had in mind when he said it!!
SPOKEN AND WRITTEN GRAMMAR

• In the real world, native/non-native interaction is often a

problem. 
• This is largely due to badly taught English. 
• Most ELT worldwide is based on written grammar. 
• As teachers, we need to give students the awareness and
the confidence to use spoken grammar.
Grammatical Assessment
GRAMMAR

• Crystal (1995) says it is "... that branch of the description of language which
accounts for the way in which words combine to form sentences.”
• “English grammar is chiefly a system of syntax, that decides the order and
patterns in which words are arranged into sentences.” (Close, 1982) 
WHY ASSESSING GRAMMAR?

1. Linguistics or communicative competence?

2. Structures or functions?

3. Usage or use?

4. Prescriptive or descriptive? 
ASSESSING GRAMMAR

1. Assessment is another fundamental aspect of teaching.

2. Assessment can help you determine a student's proficiency in a language.
3. Using assessment can help to identify the strengths and weaknesses a
learner has.
4. Teachers also need to use constant assessment to determine how well
students are comprehending the material that has been covered or how much
information they picked up from a specific course.
ASSESSING GRAMMAR

5. Assessment and evaluation are not the same yet they are closely related.

6. Assessment relates to individual student learning. It is the act of collecting

information and making judgments on a language learner’s knowledge of
language and ability to use it.

7. Evaluation refers to a broader term concerning a collection and

interpretation of information relating to the value of an entire course or
program for the reach of specific functions or goals.
REASON TO ASSESS

A.Diagnosing students strengths and weaknesses.

B. Deciding what to and what not to teach next.

C. Giving students feedback.

D.Seeing students progress.

E. Handing students a final grade. 

REFERENCE

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammaticalization
https://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/grammaring
https://www.slideshare.net/ahmedhussein192/error-correction-and-feedback
https://worldteacher-andrea.blogspot.com/2012/11/the-difference-between-written-grammar.
html#:~:text=Spoken%20grammar%20is%20flexible%20in%20its%20word%20order.,
many%20of%20the%20top%20100%20words%20are%20verbs.
https://www.slideshare.net/Eko_Mulyono/grammar-assessment