ELECTROSTATICS

CHAPTER-13 CLASS 10TH

Electrostatics:_( Electro means charge and static
means rest)
The branch of physics which deals with the
study of properties of charges at rest is known as
electrostatics or static electricity.
Electric charge:
Definition: ''Charge is a basic property of a material body due to
which it attracts or repels another object."
Electric charge is the physical property of matter that causes
it to experience a force when close to other electrically charged
matter.
OR  Charge is the intrinsic property associated
with matter due to which it produces and experiences electrical
and magnetic effects.
Production of electric charges:
Friction produces two different types of charges on
different materials
1)If a plastic comb is run through the hair and then
brought near small pieces of paper, the comb
attracts them.
2) Amber when rubbed with silk. It attracts the small pieces of paper.
This property of attraction or repulsion between substances is due to
the electric charges they acquire during rubbing.
3) Electric charge can also be produced by rubbing a neutral body with
another neutral body
Activity 1:
Take a plastic rod. Rub it with fur and suspend it horizontality by a silk
thread. Now take another plastic rod and rub it with fur and bring it near to the
suspended rod. We will observe that both the rods will repel each other. It
means during the rubbing both the rods were charged
Conclusion: Both rods are of plastic and both of them have been rubbed
with fur. Therefore we assume that charge of both rods would be of the
same kind.
 Activity 2:
Take a glass rod and rub it with silk and suspend it horizontally. When we bring
the plastic rod rubbed with fur near to the suspended glass rod. we observe that
both the rods attract each other.

Conclusion:
Rods are unlike and their attraction imply that charge on the two
rods are not of the same kind but of opposite nature.
These opposite charges are conventionally called positive and
negative charges. During the process of rubbing negative charge
is transferred from one object to another object.
Q . What are types of charges? How we confirm the charges on the body.
Type of charges
The charges are of two types,
Positive charges and negative charges
Confirmation of charges;
1._when two glass rod are rub together with silk, and are suspended together
at a distance they begin to repel each other.
2- When these two rods are rub together with ebonite or fur and repeat the
experiment, they will also repel each other.
3- If one glass rod is rubbed with silk and other with fur or ebonite and repeat the above
experiment, they will begin to attract each other.
Results:
1, The repulsion between two rode is due to similar charges.
2, The attraction is due to dissimilar charges.
Properties of charges
1. Charge is a basic property of a substance due to which it attracts or repels
another object,
2. Two different type of charge can be produced by friction.
3. Same (like) charges always repel each other.
4. Opposite (unlike) charges always attract each other.
5. The force of attraction./repulsion depends up the quantity of charges and the
distance between the charges.
6. Repulsion is test to detect the presence of charge on a body.
Q. Do you think that amount of positive charge on the glass rod after rubbing
with silk cloth will be equal to the amount of negative charge on the silk?
Explain.
1. Matter is made up of electrically-neutral atoms. Each atom consists of a
positive charged nucleus with outer cloud of negatively charged electrons.
2. When body is neutral (i.e not charged), it does not mean that the neutral body
has no charge, it means that the number of positive charge is equal to the
number of negative charges.
3. When we rub the glass rod with the silk cloth the electrons are transferred to
the silk cloth. But in glass rod the number of electrons and positive charges was
equal.
4. So the same amount of positive charges produced on glass will be equal to the
same amount of negative charges transferred to the silk.
.Q.3.Define positive and negative charges? Explain the
method of charging bodies by electrostatic induction?
1.Positive Charge: A positive charge exists on an object
when it has deficiency of electrons.
2.Negative Charge: A negative charge exists on an object
when it has excess of electrons.