ARCHITECTURAL UNDERWATER

CONSTRUCTION

By:

Kanishk Singh Dhariwal &

Abhishek Verma
Enrolment No.: A1904018074
A1904018067
Batch: 2018-2022

(2020)

Amity School of Architecture and Planning

Amity University Uttar Pradesh
Noida
 ACKNOWLWDGEMENT

(Acknowledge the help and guidance received from your guide and other professionals in
completing your study.)

Name of the Student

Signature
 Faculty Guide
Certificate

This is to certify that Kanishk Singh Dhariwal and bearing enrolment no A1904018074 has
prepared the report for Architectural Seminar on “Architectural Underwater Construction”
under my guidance.

Faculty Guide Signature

(Name of the Faculty Guide)
[Type here]

ABSTRACT
Underwater has always been attractive and curiosity for human beings.
Exploring, employing and being part of underwater has always been a
challenge for them. The first underwater structures were products of
engineering studies and have been used for fields of scientific research and
observations, military purposes and obtaining energy for centuries. However,
underwater is a new medium for human for accommodation and entertainment
purposes; and correspondingly new subject which is worth to study for
architects. Designing underwater structures became a race between architects
and engineers during last years. Accordingly, underwater hotel and restaurant
projects were realized. Currently, underwater structures can utter as a fantasy
and a new understanding for architecture, however in the future underwater
may be suggested as a new accommodation area.
The report aims to point out the design considerations of underwater structures
architectural aspects.
Designing underwater has its own principles and characteristics and these
should be asserted under the light of the study on former structures.

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Table of Content
CHAPTER
1. SYNOPSIS
1. Introduction ……………..6
2. Aim ……………..7
3. Objectives …………….7
4. purpose and need ……………..7
5. Scope ……………..7
6. limitation ……………..7
7. Methodology ……………..7
8. Literature review & social …………….8
aspect

2. Review of former underwater structures and views

1. Underwater habitats …………….9

2. Why are we turning to underwater ……………9
design? ……………9
3.
2.4 Benefits
Problemsofconfronted
underwaterbyarchitecture
underwater constructions ……………10

3. Design consideration of underwater structures

1. Form and geometry of underwater structures………………..11
2. other design ………………..11
considerations.
……………….11
3. Materials
4. Architectural approaches to underwater design
through contemporary examples
A. Poseidon underwater ……………….12
resort
………………..13
B. Dubai Underwater resort
…………………14
5. CONCLUSION

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Introduction
Underwater architecture generally falls under the realm of hospitality, with
luxury hotels, villas, and restaurants dotting the oceans of the world. But as
population growth and urban development test the limits of life on land, the
sea might offer new potential for the cities of tomorrow. Tour some of the
world’s most imaginative undersea structures, along with a few concepts for
underwater urban centres of the future.
The vision of living in water has recently become a professional focus among
architects and urban planners. Climate change, the rise of the sea level, and the
constantly increasing global population are issues that render treating water
surface as settlement areas as never before. Built in water introduces
innovative projects that include a wide range of buildings types based on very
different approaches to handling water as the base for building – weather as
floating or fixed constructions, as new buildings or for reusing exiting
structures. The different ways of dealing with as an architectural element,
turns this volume into a source of inspiration and comprehensive compendium
of the visionary concepts for a future on and with water as from architectural
prospect.

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CHAPTER 1

AIM: To study the Developing Concepts of Underwater Construction

through architectural approach

Objectives:
 Understanding the parameters of underwater architecture
 General Requirement for the Design
 Design strategies for the underwater structure.
 reason for shifting to the underwater construction.

Purpose and need:

Underwater/Submarine buildings serves the purpose of recreation as well as
education. Developments in technology gave architects courage to design in
new environments and search for new trends of architecture for the
construction.
Limitations: The criteria for a liveable space should be defined and applied
according to underwater conditions.
Methodology:

Design Architectural conclusion

consideration approaches to
of underwater
underwater design through
structures contemporary
examples

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Literature Review
underwater have been always a challenge and struggle for human and
oceans had been utilized firstly for research, mining, sea farming, recreation,
and military purposes. It was believed that “if humans were to survive on this
planet, they would have to enter the underwater world and remain there to
explore, observe, and harvest the wealth of the oceans.” As a result,
underwater habitats were generated to meet these goals. However, architects
used to design
building on land and underwater is a new medium for them to design.
Therefore, former structures, such as underwater habitats should be introduced
in order to establish adequate knowledge for architects. Designers can use
technologies developed in other fields to design and construct in new
environments. Accordingly, as mentioned by Kaji-O’Grady and Raisbeck,
architects adopted technologies from the exploration, fishing, military and
mining industries to understand and solve the threats to human existence under
water.

Social aspects
Over population is considered as the sector problem that is increasing at a high
pace and this result in big quantity of issues. And we understand that the blue
colour dominates the earth therefore these motives have let the humans
consider the opportunity of the underwater constructions. Now, the point is
will people accept the notion of living underwater in future or this project will
turn out of no use. because of the high price of construction those underwater
building may also get confined to the sure amount of people who are capable
of find the money for it and this will be considered because the signal of
wealthy human beings. allows think that if the era gets development there
might be the discount, however if entire cities are built underneath the water
it'd be difficult for the human beings to accepts the sort of alternate and to live
there, due to the fact some people wishes solar and as this underwater cities
are some distance faraway from regular world some human beings might think
that they would get remote. Others may additionally actually need to strive the
brand-new lifestyles and revel in the calmness, peace and fantastic view of
nature.

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CHAPTER 2
Underwater habitats
 Underwater habitats are underwater structures in which people can live
extended periods and carry out most of the basic human functions of a 24-
for
hour
day, such as working, resting, eating, attending to personal hygiene,
and
sleeping
. Underwater habitats are designed to operate in three fundamental
In the first mode they are completely open to ambient environment so
modes.
the
pressure inside is slightly higher than that of the surrounding water to
prevent
water from entering the habitat while locating on the
seafloor.
Second mode is valid during decompression. At this case, habitats are
operated
at pressures less than ambient
pressure.
As a third mode, underwater habitats can be operated in a combination of
two so that some chambers are depressurized and locked out.
modes,
Undersea
habitats were in many shapes, sizes, and even colours.......... “Habitats
have
been built from cement mixers, boilers, rubber sheeting, molasses barrels,
and
railroad tank cars.

Why are we turning to underwater design?

The global Population is increasing rapidly and reached approximately 9

billion with average growth of 1.6% every year. Traffic Congestion and
scarcity of land is one of the major problems that the world is facing and it has
a massive impact on the quality of air, time of travelling, trade and cost of
living and finding new lands to live. It has been noted that the governments
are trying their best in order to come up to this problem by creating new
schemes of liveable spaces. But unfortunately, it fails as does not match up
with the increase of population and due to less amount of land available for the
construction.

Benefits of Constructing Underwater structures

Underwater construction will have great benefits to the people. There will be a
decrease in the populated places present on the surface of land. There will be a
progress and enhancement in technology used for its construction. It will
promote tourism as all the people from all over the world would come for the
astonishing experience of numerous fishes and coral and it will be providing as
a source of entertainment for them. And, the corals will be protected from the
touching and diving of the people. The people will get fascinated by it and if
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this idea gets success then it will get easily spread among the people. After
asking some people it was found that most of the people accepted the idea of
going to the underwater city for the means of entertainment or in order to get
a new exotic experience. Hence these kinds of project may get success.

The Problems Confronted by Underwater Buildings

Budget Building beneath water is a very costly way because of using heavy
machinery, devices and professional employees. Building below water also
includes some of welfare and it desires to large price range. Erosion is the
method of weathering and delivery of solids (sediment, soil, rock and different
rock particles) in the natural surroundings or their source and deposits them
someplace else. It normally takes place because of transport with the resource
of wind, water, or ice so engineers thought to pick out appropriate materials
for beneath water building. Location of fuel Any coincidence may also be
possible when the driller machines and other machinery are trying to find out
oil or to any ship also can damage the outlook and structure of the building it's
far out of manage. The hassle of warmth of the water. The temperature varies
reasonably over the surface of water, it is heated from the ground from the
below by the usage of daylight hours, but at depth maximum of the water may
be very cold

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CHAPTER 3
Form and Geometry of Underwater
Structures
 Buildings can stand in a safe manner with their structures that support
and forces and loads to
redirect
ground.
 Structures are facing wind force, effects of gravity, earthquake and dead
and
live loads on land.....................but other hand, under water the primary
force
that structure should withstand is hydrostatic pressure depending on the depth
of
the sea Design
Other or Considerations
ocean.

Materials The materials used in underwater applications primarily should both

be capable of withstanding “stress cycles” due to the external pressure and
resist to corrosive effects of seawater. Parameters used in selection of material
of underwater structures. Some of the required features of the materials used
for underwater structures are:
Good resistance to corrosion
High strength/weight ratio (the wall thickness should not be too large in order
not to sink.)
Good sound absorption qualities Material costs
Fabrication properties (easiness of manufacturing.) Being convenient with
pressure hull design
Fire protection (if material is susceptible to temperature.) Durability
(operating life span of the material.

Maintenance

maintenance method is a high-priced gadget especially when dealing with an

underwater protection. This hassle may be solved, by way of dividing the
constructing into components that can be separated from the complete building;

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those additives can be transferred to land in order that a less high-priced

renovation can take area. The apparent a part of the constructing want to be
usually clean, so that the customers can see the marine surely in all the time.
This situation can be executed through an automated gadget which may be
used as self-cleansing system.

MATERIALS
Steel, aluminium, or titanium are used conventionally in the construction of
pressure vessel and “each material has advantages and disadvantages with
respect to such factors as corrosion resistance, fatigue, fracture resistance,
ductility, and yield strength.”
There are many materials to be had for the building, but our selection should be
such that the material fulfils our requirement and to be had with a minimal
price. Whilst choosing the materials to be used inside the manufacturing. The
principle fabric used for construction underwater changed into a unique kind of
steel and acrylic. The acrylic fabric is used specifically for visibility, on the
same time because the steel is used for reinforcements (enables). Excessive
energy steel is used as it is reasonably priced and has its immoderate yield
electricity. It is not always additionally a terrific conductor of power and
warmth. It is far an excessive corrosion resistance. Acrylic fabric is used in
preference to glass; it is better than glass due to being much less dense, and it's
also has higher effect electricity than the glass. Acrylic gives the herbal
duration and colourings of the encompassing materials than glass. It’s also
proper insulator of strength which is good in searching out the fitness and
safety of clients and underwater creatures.

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CHAPTER 4
Dubai Underwater resort
The motel is located at 33 feet below the surface of water. The total cost of this
project is over $550 million. The surface station can be related with the main
project below the water with a 515-meter lengthy tunnel via which a
spontaneous teaches will be shipping people to the underwater motel. It is 260
hectares place consisted of the bubble shaped suits 220 in numbers which are
formed at 20 meters beneath the surface of the water. The hotel may even have
many safety features. It consists of sequence of waterproof entrances which
can be used in case of any rapture. It is going to additionally have its personal
missile protecting machine in the situation of any extremist assault.

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UNDERSEA - The Poseidon Luxurious Resort

The notion was developed by an American engineer Bruce Jones. The
Poseidon resort as shown in the figure can be reached with the help of
the elevator. It is built up in the area of 11 lakh rectangular foot. The
area of every room comprises of 550 rectangular foot. The total cost for
the development of this project was 100 million dollars.

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The underwater restaurant - Itha

It is the first underwater restaurant built throughout the globe. It is located 16
feet below the surface of water in the Indian Ocean. He outside is covered with
clear acrylic. A person can reach to the eating place of itha restaurant with the
help of the wooden walkway as shown in the figure below. The construction
and development of this restaurant was difficult on the beach of rangali
because of technical problems, restricted assets and exceptional troubles. The
construction was done in Singapore. Its development started in the year 2004,
and the work got over in October 2004 together with set up of the acrylic
transparent arches, air conditioners and electric powered channels. The
duration of its existence is 20 years.

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CONCLUSION
CONCLUSIO
N
Underwater has always been attractive for human beings. People have
always to employ and explore this world. In addition, they even desired
struggled
to
live and work under water. As a result of curiosity, desire, challenge, and
the
developments in technology; underwater became a new medium for human
to
use for accommodation and entertainment with its unique characteristics
and
providing unusual experiences. The applicable parameters evaluated
focusing
on the contemporary examples with a comparative study. The results of
the
study on contemporary examples can be briefly stated
as:
 Poseidon Undersea Resort and Ithaa Undersea Restaurant were found
as
successful in terms of being appropriate to the nature of underwater design
from
architectural point of view. In particular, for these examples the relations
with
exterior environment and convenient interior spaces were
achieved
successfully.
Otter Inn and Red Sea Star Underwater Restaurant were successful
structurally
since being underwater was achieved; however, from architectural point of
view
they were proposed as terrestrial buildings on
land.

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