Thesis Report - Kaleeswaran K

THAMIRABARANI RIVERFRONT DEVELOPMENT
@ TIRUNELVELI
A THESIS REPORT
Submitted by
K. KALEESWARAN
723415251013
in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree
of
B.ARCH
Under the guidance of
MR. GOWTHAM NARAYANAN. J
(Asst. Professor, NR School of Architecture)
NR SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE
Kondampatty Village, Kinathukadavu,
Pollachi Taluk, Coimbatore – 641505.
Sep 2020
BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
Certified that this project report “

THAMIRABARANI RIVERFRONT DEVELOPMENT @
TIRUNELVELI is the bonafide work of “ K.KALEESWARAN ”
who carried out the project work under my supervision.
PROF. Mr. LAKSHMANA RAJU S ASST.PROF. GOWTHAM

NARAYANAN. J
HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT INTERNAL GUIDE

NR SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE NR SCHOOL OFARCHITECTURE
Kinnathukadavu Kinnathukadavu
EXTERNAL EXAMINER
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The satisfaction and elation that accompany the successful completion of any
task would be incomplete without the mention of the people who have made it possible.
It is my great privilege to express my gratitude and respect to all those who have guided
me and inspired me during the course of the Thesis work.
First and foremost, I express my sincere gratitude to our beloved chairman and
also heartfelt thanks to my staffs and seniors for providing me the necessary facilities
for the completion of my Thesis work.
I am indebted to the Head of the Department, Prof. Mr. Mr. LAKSHMANA

RAJU S for having been a constant source of support and encouragement for th e
completion of the Thesis. I also express my sincere thanks to my internal guide for his
constant guidance helpful comments, encouraging words, and tremendous support at
every stage of my work and supervision during the period of my Thesis work.
I acknowledge my gratitude to AR. MR. Manokaran my external thesis guide

for his guidance and valuable suggestion rendered during the reviews. His insight
comments, discussions, and suggestions enhanced the quality of design considerably.
Finally I am grateful to my Parents, family and my friends their unprecedented
help and support at all the tough times during the thesis.
K.KALEESWARAN
TABLE OF CONTENTS
SYNOPSIS
i. Introduction…………………………………………………………
ii. Aim Of The Project………………………………………………
iii. Objective Of The Project………………………………………………
iv. Scope Of The Project…………………………………………………
v. Outcome Of The Project…………………………………………… …
vi. Special Study…………………………………………………………
CHAPTER CONTENTS PAGE.NO

NO
CHAPTER 1
1 PROJECT DESCRIPTION
1.1 Project proposal 5
1.2 Project Location 8
1.3 Project Attributes 10
1.4 Issues 12
1.5 Methodology 15
CHAPTER 2
SPACE STANDARDS
2
2.1 Public movements pattern for riverfront 17
2.1.1 Pedestrian circulation......................................
2.1.2 Bicyclecirculation..........................................
2.2 Retaining walls 19
2.3 Surface and paving 20
2.4 Site furniture and features 23
2.5 Outdoor lighting 25
2.6 Recreational water bodies 28
2.7 Public toilets 31
2.8 Amphitheatre 34
CHAPTER 3
3 CASE STUDIES
3.1 Chicago river design 36
3.1.1 Historical context and purpose.
3.1.2 Riverbank treatments. 48
3.1.3 Stormwater managements.
3.2 San antonio River improvements project

3.2.1 Project background 66
3.2.2 River channel restoration 72
3.2.3 Pathways system and planning 76
CHAPTER 4
LIVE CASE STUDY
4 SABARMATI @ AHMEDABAD
4.1 Introduction to Sabarmati 80
4.2 Projects objectives 84
4.3 River promenade 89
4.4 Riverfront market 93
4.5 Construction sequence 96
CHAPTER 5
5 SPECIAL STUDY (LANDSCAPE DESIGINNING)
5.1 Selection of plants and trees 97
5.2 Elements of design 98
5.3 Principles of design 99
6 CHAPTER 6
6.1 Site details 101
Tamirabarani River front development through landscaping and provision of cycle
tracks, Joggers tracks, open space, parks , boating, smart wall and many other such
facilities for recreational purpose. People are drawn to water. Human interaction with
water is foremost feature that calls for riverfront development. People have a strong
desire to feel it, reach it; and thus it becomes very important that approach to water
should be given, public space production along the river shore should be primary
purpose.
1. INTRODUCTION:
“People in cities wants a riverfront as a place of public enjoyment. They seek riverfront
where there is enormous visual and physical eye catching sites remain all day the
throughout. People also want riverfront to serve many purposes and a place t hat
contributes to the quality of daily life in all of its aspect-economic social and cultural”
• Thesis Statement
AIM: To formulate Riverfront development as a Socio-Interactive space.
OBJECTIVE: Explore network of public spaces that attract both citizens and tourist to
riverfront. Identify the various needs of socio cultural response to recreational use .
Identify issues and related problems of socio interactive spaces.
SCOPE OF THE PROJECT: A rational public space design for both social and
ecological benefits, as well as integration of coastal restoration construction.
• Implementation of this riverfront projects was driven towards investment needs rather
than for recreational needs like the sections involving agriculture lands which is a
beneficial part for the community.
. Alternate way of transportation to the road infrastructure is provided through linkage
of water.
Public private partnership is exercised for creating recreational spaces like community
parks etc. for commercial development.
Handicraft markets are proposed to make the project economically viable as well as
beneficial for its user group.
All the aspects of riverfront development are possible only when water of t he river is
clean and toxic wastage or sewerage water is not mixed with the river water.
Stormwater drains spewed untreated sewage into the river

A few nalas brought sewage into the river
Encroachments reduced the river’s flood carrying capacity
THAMIRABARANI RIVER
LIMITATION:
Inferences drawn will be on secondary references only.
Limiting to a typology of socio interactive space for a riverfront.
• Site
Tirunelveli,an ancient city of 2,000-year-old is situated in the southern state of Tamil
Nadu. and sixth-largest municipal corporation in the state.
Strategic Location
• Proximity to urban centres like Thoothukdi, Nagercoil, Thiruvananthapuram, Kollam,
Madurai and Kochi aids in ease of resource flow and also attracts floating
population(4600 per day on avg).
• The state's only perennial river , Tamirabarani divides the city into the Tirunelveli
quarter and the Palayamkottai area.
• The nearest domestic airport Tuticorin Airport (TCR) is 22 km east of the city and the
international airports are at Madurai(150 km) and Thiruvananthapuram(130 km)
• One of the 12 Major ports in India Tuticorin Port Trust located at a commuting
distance of 60km Diverse tourist attractions like Religious places(Nellaiappar
Temple),Dams(Papanasam), Waterfalls (Kuttralam, Alayar) and wildlife
sanctuaries(Mudanthurai Tiger Reserve). Being the nodal center for the southern part of
the state the influence of floating population is higher (4600 per day).
. Education Hub
• Tirunelveli is also often dubbed as the ‘Oxford of the South’.
.Strong Ecological Blend

• Tamirabharani, a perennial river located at the city is the main strength for the water
sources and sustaining City's Growth
Potential to Emerge as a key 'Heritage Hub' in the South, It can attract many tourists
because of its rich heritage, culture, and Picturesque and congenial Natural Setting
With good regional and location advantage, city has the capacity to attract many
potential developers in economic and tourism sectors
•
Context
The identified area of 906 acre comes under the Central Business District and heritage
area of Tirunelveli city, this area is believed to be the origin of settlement. The area
population is 45,513 which is 9.5% of Tirunelveli’s corporation population but visited
by almost 100% of tourist population (4600/ per day)
The existence of World famous Nellai Appar Temple, transit hubs and
commercial market attracts large volume of population from all over. It holds
humungous opportunities for growth and improvement of local livelihood.
• Accordingly the core city area with maximum coverage was taken up which included;
Heritage temple, Mix of high commercial activities, congested transit hubs (old bus
stand & railway station), narrow roads, diverse traffic composition, dense residential
pockets, markets, informal hawking areas, Nainar lake and Tamirabarani river. The
proposal promises to resolve physical,social and environmental disparities . River Front
Development to preserve the environment
N
Issues
Encroachment and contamination of natural drainage paths including Tamirabarani
river (by sewage and waste discharge) in particular coupled with inadequate public
green/open spaces pose threat for the city
Activities
*Cycle tracks
*Joggers tracks
* Open space, parks ,
* Strengthening the river bed,
*Boating,
* Smart wall
* Space for cultural activities
*Kiosks and handicrafts ,
* Space for laundry ,
*Tourist information centre ,
*River front market ,
* water walkway ,
* Island development ,
* Memorable identity of tirunelveli ,
* Sewage treatment plant .
2. SPACE STANDARDS
Pedestrian Circulation
Pedestriancirculation systemsfall intotwo broadcategories: (1)thosewherethe basic

structure ofasystem alreadyexistsand (2) thosewhere nocirculationcurrently exists
1.This typeofwork involvesimprovement of the "pedestrian experience" as much as it

involves improvement of the fun
2.In the case of new systems, circulation mustfirstbelaid outaccordingtoproposed origin
and destination points and must have adequate width to accommodate expected loadsp
Human dimensions in various activity positions.
AVERAGE WALKING RATES OF ADULT PEDESTRIANS

Calculation of Walkway Width
Pathway Width = VM/S
where V =volume, pedestrians/minute M = space module, M2 (ft2)/ pedestrian
Normal cone of vision.

Walkway slope criteria.
BICYCLE CIRCULATION
Bicyclistsfallintotwomajorcategories:
1. The recreational bicyclist, who uses the bicycle forpleasureorexercise
2. Thefunctionalbicyclist,whousesthe bicycle as an alternative form of transportation
toschool, to work, or to shop
Most bicyclists use a bicycle for both functional and recreational reasons. Bikeways
must bedesigned toaccord with a corridor's existing characteristics rather than with
narrowly defined user traits or purposes.
Minimum standards must be emphasized to accommodate afull range of user
typeswhileoptimizingsafetyforall.
Widths of bikeways.
Minimum Curve Radii forUnbraked Turns:

R =V2/ 15(e + f)
where,R = minimum radius of curvature, mm(ft)

V = design speed, km/h (mph) e = superelevation, 2% max. f = coefficient
RETAINNING WALLS
An earth retaining structure is a landscape device used to accommodate abrupt grade
changes which exceed the natural angle of repose of the existing
soil(usually33to37degrees,orabout1 to 1.5). These devices include not only wall
structures, but also embankment reinforcing structures such as rip-rap stone, fiber
matting, and highly fibrous rooted plants. Allsuchdevices, regardlessoftheir material, or
shape, must be able to withstand earth pressures, and other related factors
whichtypicallycausestructuralfailure,such as vehicle loading, highway vibration (i.e.,
live loading), and effects of extreme
moistureconditions(e.g.,heavingduetoswellingandfrost/thawcycles)
Gabion retaining wall. Precast concrete masonry retaining wall.
Earth tieback retaining wall. Bin wall. Top maybe capped.

Concrete crib wall Typical timber crib wall
Typical vertical timber wall Typical horizontal timber wall.
SURFACING AND PAVING
Pavements may range from light to heavy duty due to the variety of internal settings
typically encountered . Large crowds and special festival or concertevents require
medium to high installation and maintenance costs .
Typical pavement components diagram.
Flexible Pavements: .
Flexible pavements commonly have thin wearing surfaces and relativelythick aggregate
bases and subbases. A thickaggregate base will distribute design loads over a greater
subgrade area and will limit subgrade deformation potential. Pavement strength is
derived from the aggregate base structure.
Rigid Pavements: .
Rigid pavements (i.e. reinforced concrete) are structurally different than flexible
pavements
Climate
Regional climate factors of daily temperature extremes, precipitation rate and

frequency, and frost/thaw cycles heavily influence pavement details and finishes.
Hot Arid:
A wide varietyof materials are available in this climate zone. Materials are typically
light in colorto avoid heat absorption, and may include glazed tiles and porous finishes
due to low humidity and relatively stable temperature ranges.
Hot Humid:
Drainage is critical to prevent build-up of mosses and algae, and to account for intense
periods of precipitation. Light colors are often used to avoid heat absorbtion.
Stabletemperatures provide for a wide variety of materials.
Temperate:
Darker colors are typical to absorb radiant solar energy. Frost/thaw cycles require care
in aggregate base preparation and subdrainage. Heavy snow regions must accountfor
abrasive clearing practices. Mortared unit pavers require heavy maintenance in
extensive applications.
Cold:
Cold climate areas require similar treatments as the temperate zone, but with more
restrictions. Flexible pavements are preferred over rigid and mortared unit pavers.
Reinforcing steel must be placed carefully to avoid damage through chemical assault, or
extreme expansion coefficient differentials within concrete slabs and curbs.
SITE FURNITURES AND FEATURES

OUTDOOR LIGHTING
The purposes ofoutdoor lighting include:
(1) improving thelegibilityofcriticalnodes, landmarks, and circulation and activity zones
in the landscape;
(2) facilitating the safemovement ofpedestrians andvehicles, promotingamoresecure
environment, and minimizingthe potential for personal harm anddamagetoproperty;and
(3) helpingto reveal the salient
Lux and footcandle measurements. Lamp effciacy

Walkway lights
Categories of light Fixtures

Walkways - Lux Footcandles
(Ix) (fc)
Along roadside
Commercial areas* 10 0.9
Intermediate areas* 5 0.5
Residentialareas* 2 0.2
Distant from roadside 5 0.5
Parkwalkways 5 0.5
Pedestrian tunnels 20 2.0
Pedestrian overpasses 2 0.2
Pedestrian stairways
Lightsurfaces 200 20.0
Darksurfaces 500 50.0
Gardens Lux Footcandles

(Ix) (fc)
General lighting 5 0.5
Path, steps away fromhome 10 1.0
Backgrounds, fences, walls,
trees, shrubbery 20 2.0
Flower beds, rockgardens 50 5.0
Trees, shrubs (when emphasized) 50 5.0
Focal points (large) 100 10.0
RECREATIONAL WATER BODIES
Principal concernsinthedesign ofrecreational water bodies are control of

(a) water quality,
(b) water level fluctuation, and
Wave-cut beach form on erodible shore
Water Quality
1. In a public health sense, fresh water used for swimming should approach the quality
standards used for drinkingwaters.
2. In an aesthetic sense, swimming waters should be as transparent as possible,
including being free from algae, weeds, organic detritus, and suspended siltsand clays.
3. In a public safety sense, intensively used swimming waters should have sufficient
transparency to facilitate rescue of drowning victims.
4. Forwildlife habitat and scenic values, any water quality except the most seriously
polluted will be appropriate. Adiversity of water body characteristics(i.e., quality,
depth, temperature, and form) will support the greatest number of species
Hydrologic progression in Hydrologic progression in

permeablesoils with a flat watertable. permeable soils with a slopping waterable.
Correction strategies if pond surface is
below original water table
PUBLIC TOILET ROOMS FOR THE HANDICAPPED

AMPHITHEATERS
THE SIZE OF THE THEATER
An outdoor theater can be planned to seat as many as 3,000 spectators without the use
of amplification for the actors' voices. What is recommended, however, as an upper
limit for the seating, is about 2,500. The suggestions in this outline are scaled for a
structure of atween 1,500-2,000 seats, which is nearer the ideal.
OUTSIDE THE THEATER
1 . Parking Lot (or Lots) should beLarge enough to handle one car for every three
spectators. Designed to permit convenient and speedy exit following the performance,
with good access from traffic routes. Surfaced with gravel or asphalt and provided with
good drainage under all conditions. Well lighted for ease and security in parking and
walking . So arranged as to permit the quick departure of any car in case of an
emergency during the performance. Convenient to the box office and the entrance to the
theater. Located where the noises and lights of late-arriving cars will not disturb the
performance. Well marked with signs.
2. A Business Office If the theater is on or very near a main traffic route, the office of
the manager may be placed at the theater. Usual practice, however, is to have this office
in the center of the nearest town where it is readily accessible to patrons stopping in
hotels and motels. In any case, the business office should have an information center
and display space in addition to work space for the manager and promotion director and
their assistants. It should include a place for the display of folders, a desk for handling
rooming accommodations, and the like.
3. A Box Office Convenient to both the parking lot and the entrance to the theater. With
shelter for patrons buying tickets in bad weather.Provided with windows for advanced
sales, reserve seats, and general-admission (if any), clearly marked with prices. With
telephone connections to the business office (if not in the same building) and to the
stage. Near toilet facilities and a water fountain.
4. Other Facilities (Desirable Though Not Completely Necessary) A first aid station. A
nursery for patron's children. A pay telephone. A concession stand or house.
5. The Entrance to the Theater Well marked, simple, and attractive. Near enough to the
parking lot to keep older people from tiring themselves while getting to the theater. Far
enough away from the lot to let patrons lose the sound of traffic and fall under the quiet
spell of the general setting before stepping into the theater. Sometimes provision can be
made for bringing very old or crippled patrons by car along a separate path right to the
theater entrance.
6. A Separate Entrance and Parking for Cast and Crew
THE STAGES
These features are recommended for the main (central) stage:

1 . A level 3 It above the base of the lowest row of seats in the auditorium.
2. A proscenium opening of about 70 ft .
3. A depth of about 40 It from the line of the proscenium walls. (The apron in front of
this line should be as narrow as possible.) 4. Plenty of wing space-at least 50 ft-at each
side of the acting areas .
5. A height for the proscenium wall on each side of the opening of 16 to 18 ft and of
alength sufficient to mask from the audience all activity back stage.
6 . An appearance for the proscenium well which is simple, fairly neutral, and
thoroughly in keeping with both the natural setting of the theater and the style of the
play being performed (log, board, stone, or brick).
7. Level ground, well drained and preferably surfac
ed with either cement or asphalt (where scene changing does not require a smooth clear
floor, the dancers can be helped by giving them several inches of send as a dance
cover).
8 . Some amphitheaters have been built with a second, slightly higher, level with one or
two longitudinal steps leading up to it, about 20 ft upstage, in an effort to increase the
variety of acting spaces available . Careful consideration should be given to its effect on
scene shifting, dancing, or other theater uses before this is incorporated as part of the
permanent design.
9. In some cases it will be necessary to include anchoring devices for jacks, flanges, and
stage braces supporting heavy movable scenery set directly and permanently into the
hard surface of the stage floor.
10. Electrical outlets for stage lighting and for the convenient attachment of cable to
special effects such as campfires.
11 . Circuits for an intercommunication system between departments.
THE BACKSTAGE AREA
In the wings:
1 . There should be plenty of free space for the assembling of actors, the organizing of
groups, and the massing of crowd voices for offstage effects.
2. Property tables should be placed in locations convenient to both sides of the main
stage and the entrances to the side stages.
3. There should be adequate spaces for the storing and sheltering of the portable scenery
units and properties.
4. There should be proper drainage in every part.
5. All the permanent wiring should be run under ground where it cannot trip the actors
or interfere with the movement of scenery and properties.
6. Some controlled Illumination should be provided for backstage operations , well
shielded so no direct or reflected lighting will be seen by the spectators.
7. There should be sufficient specs for the drying of scenery, costumes, and properties
the morning after a rain.
THE DRESSING ROOMS
The placement and size of the dressing rooms will depend to a great extent on local
topography and on the number of actors in the show. The dressing rooms should be put
as near the wings as possible without interfering in any way with the backstage
movement of scenery and actors.
OFFICES
It is desirable to have backstage office space

for the director, technical director, lighting director, choir director, and stage manager.
The stage manager should have at least desk space. The costumerand technical director
can usea sectionof their costume and sceneshops respectively as offices.
CASE STUDIES
CHICAGO RIVER DESIGN
PURPOSE
The Chicago River Corridor Development Plan adopted by the Chicago Plan
Commission in 1999 provides the framework for the revitalization of the Chicago
River. The five goals outlined in this plan are to:
• Create a connected greenway along the river, with continuous multi-use paths along at
least one side of the river.
• Increase public access to the river through the creation of overlooks and public parks.
• Restore and protect landscaping and natural habitats along the river, particularly fish
habitat.
• Develop the river as a recreational amenity, attracting tourists and enhancing
Chicago’s image as a desirable place to live, work, and visit.
• Encourage economic development compatible with the river as an environmental and
recreational amenity.
Since the implementation of the River Corridor Development Plan, there has been a
significant amount of public and private investment that has transformed underutilized
riverfront areas into new parks and paths, mixed-use and residential projects, and
industry. New riverfront communities have emerged, land values have increased, water
quality has improved, and the river has become a prime destination.
HISTORICAL CONTEXT OF THE RIVER

Chicago’s growth into a major urban center is due, in large part, to its strategic location
on the Chicago River and Lake Michigan. As early as the 1600s, the river and the lake
were major trade routes. When the City was incorporated in 1836, the river was a
desirable location for industrial development. The first meatpacking plant adjacent to
the river opened in 1829 and the first lumber mill in 1833. These two industries were
located just north of Wolf Point at the confluence of the North and South Branches of
the Chicago River. The completion of the Illinois and Michigan Canal in 1848 linked
Lake Michigan with the Mississippi River, dramatically increasing river traffic. By the
1860s, the river had become the focus of industrial development with an emphasis on
meatpacking and lumber. In the city’s early history, the river was also used as a sewage
outlet. Waste flowed east to Lake Michigan, the city’s drinking water source, resulting
in frequent outbreaks of water-borne diseases. In 1900, the Sanitary and Ship Canal was
built both to protect the water supply and to provide greater shipping capacity. The
construction of the Canal reversed the flow of the river, sending pollution away from
Lake Michigan and into the Mississippi River system. The Sanitary and Ship Canal also
became the main materials
transportation artery, replacing the obsolete Illinois and Michigan Canal, which was
eventually filled in. Chicago’s industrial legacy will likely remain a strong feature of
development along the Chicago River, particularly along the South Branch and the
Sanitary and Ship Canal. However, public demand for access and recreational amenities
continues to grow, ensuring that future development will include a diverse mix of
industrial, commercial, residential, and recreational uses.
Character Zones + Minimum setback
These guidelines apply to all branches of the Chicago River and connected waterways
within the boundaries of the City of Chicago. Within the Chicago River system, five
Character Zones have been defined based on existing context, scale, and character of
the area, as well as changes anticipated by approved or proposed development projects.
In many cases, the guidelines vary based on the context of these five Character Zones
per below and .
• Northwest Zone (City limits to Fullerton Avenue)
• North Branch Zone (Fullerton Avenue to Grand Avenue)
• Loop Zone (Between Harrison, Grand Avenue, and Lake Michigan)
• South Branch Zone (Harrison to Ping Tom Park)
• Southwest Zone (City limits to Ping Tom Park)
• Bubbly Creek Zone
The minimum setback dimension should be measured horizontally from the top of the
bank, rather than from the water’s edge because the riverbank itself can be steep and
may not be suitable or wide enough for landscaping or a multi-use path. The definition
of the top of the bank varies depending on whether the existing riverbank is sloped or
has a vertical bulkhead.
Improvements or Structures Permitted in the Setback Area
Improvements or structures permitted in the setback area include:

• Paved or unpaved walkways;
• Projections from buildings in the private development zone, including but not limited
to awnings and canopies, bay windows and balconies, and overhanging eaves and
gutters, provided the projection does not extend three (3) or more feet into the setback
zone, and has a minimum clearance of ten (10) vertical feet from setback grade;
• Stormwater best management practices (BMPs); • Shade structures such as arbors,
trellises, or pavilions;
• Fences and walls per zoning code requirements; • Site furnishings including, but not
limited to, benches, light fixtures, drinking fountains, and bike racks;
• Signage and wayfinding; and,
• Public gathering spaces and other riverfront amenities.
Improvements or Structures Not Permitted in the Setback Area
Improvements or structures not permitted in the setback area include:

• Buildings or structures of any kind;
• Vehicular use areas including, but not limited to, parking lots, driveways, service
drives, loading docks, vehicular staging, or vehicular storage areas;
• Overhead utilities; and,
• Private yards, patios, terraces, or decks.
Variances
In certain cases a setback less than the required 30 feet may be permitted to address
constrained sites, small, irregularly shaped sites, and to allow flexibility for optimal site
plans.
Minimum Setback
A setback, as it relates to the land along the Chicago River, defines the requirements
for the minimum distance between new development and the river. Setbacks create
consistency along the riverfront and provide the space for river access, a continuous
multi-use path, and biodiversity. A minimum setback is an important zoning tool used
to regulate and direct Planned Development projects on individual parcels of land to
preserve or achieve a public good or benefit.
The most common example of zoning setbacks is the front yard, rear yard, and side yard
setbacks, which bring order to the street façades of buildings and preserve open space
around and between buildings. It is important that new development is set back from the
Chicago River to protect the natural, scenic, recreational, historic, and economic
resources of the river. It is also key to preserve the potential for future development of
greenway corridor improvements, and for the development of public access or multi-use
paths.
Setback and Top of Bank for Sloped Bank
Top of bank (sloped bank): the point at the top of the slope at the water’s edge where
the steepness of the slope becomes less than ten (10) percent.
Setback and Top of Bank for Vertical Bulkhead
Top of bank (vertical bulkhead): the point at the top of the bulkhead where a line
between other analogous points is located continuously over land and does not cross
over the water.
The minimum setback requirement from the top of the bank to the development zone is
thirty (30) linear feet for all Character Zones except Bubbly Creek. For Bubbly Creek,
sixty (60) feet is required.
Maximum variance (depth):
Structures and private yards may encroach into the 30-foot river setback a maximum of
ten (10) feet so that the minimum setback is never less than twenty (20) feet from the
top of the bank .
Maximum variance (length):
Structures and private yards may encroach into the required river setback, provided that
the encroachment, or the area with a reduced setback, occurs along a maximum of one-
third (1/3) of the site’s river frontage, measured in linear feet (LF), so that the required
setback never occurs along less than two–thirds (2/3) of the site’s river frontage.
River-Dependent & Critical Service Uses
River-Dependent Uses
River-dependent uses are those uses or activities that can be carried out only on, in, or
adjacent to a waterway because the use requires access to the waterway and therefore
cannot be located inland. Although the riverdependent use may be located in or outside
of the setback, such uses will necessarily impact the riverbank area. These uses include,
but are not limited to:
• Bulk material operations that ship or receive materials by barge;
• Marinas;
• Recreational and commercial boating facilities;
• Waterfront dock and port facilities;
• Bridge abutments;
• Recreational parks and open spaces; and,
• Other uses that require waterborne transportation on the river as a source of water.
Critical Service Uses
Critical Services are those uses or activities associated with providing critical services
to surrounding residents, including, but not limited to: • Utility Service Providers (e.g.,
ComEd)
• Transportation-Related Services (e.g., CTA, Metra, Amtrak, etc.)
• Municipal Services (e.g., Fire Department, Police Department, etc.)
• Municipal Agencies (e.g., MWRD, etc.)
Existing uses. Existing riverdependent uses and critical services are appropriate uses
that should remain.
New uses. New river-dependent uses and critical services are appropriate uses that
should be accommodated.
Setback. Any associated buildings (i.e. bulk material piles, marina or park fieldhouse,
office, etc..) should be set back 30’ from the top of the riverbank.
Access/open spaces. Provide riverfront access and/or open spaces where possible in
consultation with DPD and the community.
Multi-use path alignment. The alignment for a proposed or potential multi-use path
should be located on the land side of river-dependent uses or critical services, rather
than adjacent to the river, to avoid circulation, safety, and security conflicts or other
unacceptable conditions.
Landscaping and screening. Landscaping and screening are required for portions of the
river frontage, that are not in active use for loading or off-loading materials.
Multi-Use Path
One of the City’s goals is to have a continuous multi-use path throughout the river
corridor to accommodate walking, jogging, running, bicycling, roller-skating, in-line
skating, and skateboarding. The multi-use path should be signed and striped as required
to minimize use conflicts per American Association of State Highway and
Transportation Officials (AASHTO) standards.
Public Access
Access points to the multi-use path within the riverfront should be highly visible and
strategically located adjacent to highlytrafficked, multi-modal areas
Public Access adjacent to River
Minimum Path Width
The City of Chicago recognizes that the aesthetic and character of the river changes as
you move north or south through the city. As such, the path width guidelines are
designed specifically for each of the Character Zones
Minimum Path Width, North Branch / South Branch, Separated
Minimum Path Width, North Branch / South Branch, Combined
Minimum Path Width, Loop

Minimum Path Width, Northwest and Southwest
Paving and Masonry Material
Safe, functional, and maintainable paving is an important and integral part of the multi-
use path. To minimize hazards, injuries, and liability, and to reduce capital expenditures
and maintenance costs, the following paving materials suitable for bicycle, pedestrian,
and shared-use paths, should be utilized. Whenever possible, paving materials should
comply with green infrastructure and stormwater management objectives. Like the path
width guidelines, the pavement palette adjusts based on the Character Zone within
which the path is located. Paving materials should utilize neutral colors, primarily in
gray or earth-tones. The image to the right illustrates an example of successful paving
materials.
Lighting
Lighting along the river should be adequate and appropriate for safety and security, as
well as an attractive feature of the project site. Lighting should reduce light pollution
and not be harmful to birds, bats, insects, and other wildlife.
Fixture Height. Recommended light fixture height is between 14 and 30 feet tall.
Color Temperature. Fixtures should use LED bulbs that provide white light with a color
temperature of 3000K or below. This color temperature emits less of the blue (cool)
light that is more harmful to many animal species.
Light Levels. Provide energy efficient bulbs, such as LED lighting, with adequate light
levels for project safety and security considering visibility, continuous illumination of
vehicular use and other areas, and avoidance of dark or un-illuminated areas.
Light Pollution. Luminaires should be dark-sky compliant, and should be equipped with
shields so that light does not shine into adjacent residential or institutional areas or
negatively affect wildlife. Consider using Illuminating Engineering Society (IES) “full
cut off” or “fully shielded” designated fixtures, which means that no light is visible
above the lowest light emitting part of the fixture.
Additional Features. Timers and dimmer switches should be incorporated into fixtures,
and when possible, lights should be turned off after publicly accessible hours.
Decorative Lighting. Decorative lighting that enhances the river front, highlights design
features, and creates interest is encouraged.
Security Lighting. Motion sensors should be utilized for any desired security lighting
Wayfinding and Signage
Signage, identity, and wayfinding are essential components to enhance the

functionality, beauty, and character of the river. These elements should be incorporated
throughout the riverfront, and carefully designed based on context and unique site
conditions.
Brand and Identity. Projects should provide site-wide wayfinding signage system
utilizing the Chicago River brand and sign standards, as outlined in a separate document
to be published in early 2019.
Directional Signage. Directional signage is generally used to provide people with

information about where a path or roadway goes and how far it is to a travel destination.
Directional signage may include mile markers. Directional signage should be located
strategically along the river, and identify the direction and distance to significant local
destinations.
Mile Markers. Mile markers should be located along the multi-use path to identify how
far the user is from Madison Street, which is where the north / south addresses start.
Mile markers should be located every quarter-mile.
Regulatory Signage. Regulatory signage reinforces traffic laws, regulations, or
requirements. Some common regulatory signs include stop, yield, do not enter, speed
limit, and one-way signs. Regulatory signs maintain the desired flow of the path or
roadway. Regulatory signage should be located at all public access points, as well as at
large gathering spaces along the river.
Identity Signage. Identity signage should be provided where the multiuse path intersects
with streets or other public access points. The signage should state the the multiuse path
is open to the public during defined hours consistent with the City of Chicago
Ordinance. This type of signage provides navigation help and reassurance for visitors
along the path and at key destinations. Identity signage includes orientation and
destination signage.
Landscaping
Vegetation is important to the urban landscape, providing contrast between the built
environmental and natural forms, and can drastically enhance an area’s sense of place.
Preservation and Restoration

Preservation. Existing planting and habitat should be preserved to establish an
environmentally-stable natural riverbank. Promote erosion control and stormwater
management using appropriate best practices.
Disturbance. Minimize site disturbance and re-vegetate disturbed areas with native or
adapted species per the Planting Guidelines.
Protection. Existing vegetation and habitats should be protected during construction by

installing tree protection fencing at the top of the riverbank.
Tree Preservation & Removal. Mature, healthy, native shade and evergreen trees are to
be preserved to the greatest extent possible. Standing dead tees are valuable habitat
features and, where appropriate, should be preserved for terrestrial habitat
creation. Dead, diseased, non-native/ invasive, or hazardous trees should be removed
and are not subject to replacement.
Riverbank Treatments
Vertical Bulkhead River Edge Sloped River Edge
The banks of the Chicago River experience two distinct types of erosion, one caused by
flowing water and the other by surface runoff. The guidelines outlined in this section
aim to address riverbank erosion at the river edge and along the slope. Degraded
riverbanks will lead to higher erosion rates, habitat destruction, water quality
impairment, and other threats to infrastructure. In contrast, a natural riverbank will
become stronger over time as the native vegetation roots and anchors itself to the
riverbank soils. New developments should create, restore, and protect riverbank buffers
along the river to stabilize banks, control erosion, provide wildlife habitat, protect water
quality, and provide an appealing natural environment.
River Edge Treatments
The goal of river edge treatments is to address riverbank or waterline erosion at the toe
of the slope caused by flowing river water and wave action. Waterline erosion is the
result of fluctuating water levels, and wakes contribute to the continued erosion and
scouring of the bank. In these conditions, armoring the toe of the bank with rip rap or
other material is required. The river edge treatments generally address the toe of the
bank up to approximately two (2) feet above the normal water line. Toe of the bank: the
area where the sloped riverbank meets the normal water line. The demar cation between
river edge and sloped bank treatments will vary depending on the amount of water level
fluctuation and wave height.
Sloped Bank Treatments
Delineation of the River Edge

The goal of the sloped bank treatments, where there is a sloped or “natural” bank, is to
create an environmental buffer and to preserve, restore, or create a naturalistic appearance.
Where the bank is sloped, the “top of the bank” is defined as the point at the top of the slope
where the slope becomes less than 10 percent. Where there is a terrace or “bench” in the
slope, the top of the bank is the point furthest from the water’s edge where the slope
becomes less than 10 percent.
Slope treatments are generally intended to address th e slope between approximately two (2)
feet above the normal water level. For permitting, USACE Regulatory considers the Ordinary
Mean High Water Mark, as opposed to the normal water level
Bank Steepness. Excessively steep slopes, especially those with soil erosion that are
steeper than the angle of repose of the soil, should be re-graded to a minimum 3:1
(horizontal to vertical) slope and be planted and maintained with native or adapted
vegetation. This treatment will minimize or eliminate soil erosion.
Bank Profile. The grading and profile of the re-graded bank should vary to be steeper in
some places, gradual in others, and not be a single, consistent profile for the entire
length.
Bank Stabilization. The sloped bank should be stabilized to meet the environmental and
aesthetic objectives of the riverbank and may require the use of an erosion control
blanket, geotextile reinforcement, and/ or armoring of the toe of the bank. On steeper
slopes, soil erosion control blankets or geotextile reinforcement will be necessary.
Vegetation. Where natural riverbanks exist, care should be taken to preserve the natural
slope to the extent possible. Selective thinning and pruning of weedy and dead
vegetation should be implemented. To minimize or eliminate soil erosion deposits and
sedimentation in the water, sloped banks should be
35Chicago River Design GuidelinesChicago River Edge Design Guidelines planted
such that there are no bare areas. Native vegetation adapted to the riparian zone should
be used
Vertical Bulkhead or Seawall Guidelines
Ladders. Provide ladders no further than every 300 feet and/or at key locations, such as
gathering spaces and overlooks. Attach ladders to the bulkhead face. Fabricate ladders
of stainless steel. Ladders shall measure 24 inches wide with the length varying
according to the distance from the top of the seawall to the low water point of the site.
Ladder rungs are three-quarters (3/4) to one (1) inch in diameter, with a one (1) foot
spacing between rungs. Rungs are welded onto a flat steel member that is three (3)
inches wide by one-half (1/2) inch thick.
Life Rings. Provide life rings no further than every 300 feet and/or at key locations,
such as gathering spaces, overlooks, and adjacent to ladder locations. Locate in tamper -
resistant cabinets attached to railings near the bulkhead. All life rings shall be circular
rings, 24 inches in diameter, and white. The rope attached to the life ring shall be white
nylon rope, three-eights (3/8) inch in diameter and 100 feet in length. Life preserver
rings may be purchased from a supplier of marine equipment and must be approved for
use by the U.S. Coast Guard.
Vegetation. Vines and shrubs that spill over the top of the bulkhead should be planted at
the top of the bulkhead, where space and function permit, to soften the hard appearance.
Seawall Height. The finished height of new seawalls or bulkheads should

be the minimum necessary above the high water mark, and must not exceed
the height of seawalls or bulkheads located on adjacent properties.
Menu of Improvements
The City aims to improve the river’s water quality and create an active and engaging
riverfront.
Stormwater Management Best Practices
Green infrastructure and on-site stormwater management throughout the corridor will
help reduce runoff volume, control erosion, stabilize soil, and improve water quality.
According to the USGBC, rain gardens cost 42% less than traditional engineered
systems over their life cycle and reduce environmental impact by 62-98%. When done
creatively, they can also enhance the aesthetics of a site. Finally, many stormwater
management techniques can serve dual purposes –
providing stormwater benefits while also creating and enhancing wildlife corridors.
Floodable landscapes with native plantings that encompass a large open space and a
series of smaller spaces will be specifically suited to withstand periodic flooding during
large rain events. Soils must be loose enough to allow water to percolate and roots to
penetrate. Where these conditions do not exist naturally, soil amendments can be used
to increase permeability. Projects should adhere to the City of Chicago’s Stormwater
Ordinance.
Design Options
Examples of stormwater management improvements are listed below.
• Stormwater Wetlands
• Filters Strips / Berms
• Bioretention (or bioinfiltration)/ Rain Gardens
• Bioswales
• Permeable Paving
• Tree Box
• Vegetated Roofs
Combined Stormwater Management Applications
Access to Water & Docking Facilities
Access to and engagement with the Chicago River is encouraged through access points
that provide direc, public access to the water’s edge. Access points should not be
located in areas of heavy river traffic or compromise bank stability, and should not
impact the ecological integrity of existing landscapes, but rather, should encourage
education and interpretation, as well as active and passive recreation. Physical access
can be accomplished through built structures, such as docks and boardwalks, or more
natural and informal pathways that lead to the water’s edge.
Direct Pedestrian Access. Provide pathways for direct river access as secondary routesg
using loose fill materials such as decomposed granite or limestone screenings. ADA
accessibility should be accommodated whenever possible for secondary paths to
accommodate a variety of user groups.
Non-Motorized Docking Facilities. Docking facilities should be designed for non-
motorized water crafts such as canoes and kayaks. Placement of docking facilities and
launches should take into account existing currents, distance from other docks and boat
traffic, physical barriers such as dams or weirs, and visibility from both the river and
shore. Areas of moderate flow and deposition that form a natural, gradual slope or
platform, like a “beach,” are most suitable for launching.
Riverfront Overlooks
Riverfront overlooks should be placed in strategic locations along the riverfront and
should function seamlessly with the multi-use path. Unlike docks and piers, overlooks
promote visual, rather than physical, river access and viewsheds. Riverfront overlooks
are constructed above or over the water’s edge. These spaces facilitate passive
recreation opportunities such as wildlife viewing platforms, fishing stations, and quiet
seating areas. Additionally, overlooks may provide opportunities for public art,
interpretive and cultural signage, and/or kiosks. These areas should promote a diversity
of uses and encourage users to linger and reflect along the river’s edge.
Overlook on Sloped Bank with Naturalized Treatment
Overlook adjacent to Vertical Bulkhead
Underbridge Connections
Bridges and abutments can be barriers to continuous multi-use path access along the
river. Underbridge connections should be built with ample space beneath the bridge
deck to allow the extension of a continuous trail and ensure the safety and security of
users. The construction of underbridge connections will need to be coordinated with
various city agencies and the adjacent property owners. The alignment of the multi-use
path to and through the underbridge connection should avoid blind corners, sharp
corners, or steep slopes that create safety and security issues.
Enhanced Connections to Street & Transportation Network
Development along the Chicago River should enhance connections between all modes
of transportation, from water taxi and transit systems to bike sharing and trails. By
enhancing and connecting riverfront trails, water taxi service, adjacent bus and rail
stations, bike lanes, and sidewalks, people will be able to more easily explore rivers and
riverfront neighborhoods.
Water Taxi. Water taxis are a viable transportation option, and for some trips, a river
route is the most direct. New water taxi stops at strategic locations will serve increasing
demand and riverfront residential and commercial developments will be encouraged to
add water taxi docking facilities, if feasible. Owners should coordinate with private
water taxi companies.
Transit. To promote transit use, routes and stations should be displayed on regional
transit maps on kiosks and signs at Riverwalk access points should point to and from
commuter rail stations.
Bicycle Paths. Adding Divvy stations and bicycle stands near river trail access points,
employment hubs, and major destinations would serve oneway commuters and last -mile
transit needs, while increasing riverfront use. Divvy stations are an important
component of the city’s multi-modal transportation system. This system provides
numerous Chicagoans access to thousands of bikes at nearly 600 stations across the
city. As this system expands, the city will look to implement additional stations in
under-served areas to create a more robust bike share network.
Bicycle Storage. Options for secure bike storage should be provided, either through
traditional metal bicycle racks or enclosed public bike storage. Along the multi-use
path, bicycle racks should be provided at points where the multiuse path intersects
points of access to the street grid, as well as near plazas, seating areas, large gathering
spaces, and recreational amenities.
Bicycle Repair Stations. Bicycle repair stations should be strategically located along the
multi-use path in areas where the trail intersects key access points and near large or
small gathering spaces. Repair stations may encompass an air pump and gauge, repair
stand, and standard toolset, and may be located in conjunction with other support
amenities, such as drinking fountains.
Trails. For intersections with other multi-use trails, such as the 606 and the future El
Paseo, provide connections to them whenever possible, and provide wayfinding
signage.
Cantilevered & Floating Walkways
Existing buildings and structures, such as bridges and abutments, built along the river
edge can create barriers to a continuous multi-use path. Where a detour around a
building or structure would create a long or indirect route that would discourage use of
the multi-use path or effectively interrupt it, construction of a cantilevered or floating
walkway around the building or bridge should be considered to maintain a continuous
trail along the river edge.
Cantilevered Walkways. Design specifications for cantilevered walkways should be
consistent with the requirements for underbridge connections. Decking should be
constructed of high-quality, durable materials suitable for an application approximate to
a waterway. Consider poured-in-place concrete or treated heavy-duty timber decking,
with joints aligned perpendicular to the direction of travel on the trail.
Floating Walkways. Floating walkways are post-mounted walkways constructed over

the water, and should be designed by an experienced marina designer or engineer with
urban waterfront expertise alongside a landscape architect and/or civil engineer to
ensure that the design is safe, functional, and secure. Design specifications for floating
walkways or boardwalks should be consistent with the requirements for cantilevered
walkways.
Cantilevered and floating walkway connections require additional coordination with

relevant agencies and may incur additional permit considerations.
Public Art & Specialty Lighting
Public Art. Public art plays an important role in activating, enhancing, and building the
character of public open spaces. Public art, including, but not limited to murals,
sculpture, mosaic and tile installations, water features, and environmental artwork are
encouraged within, or adjacent to the river. Art should reflect and complement the
Chicago River context, and work seamlessly with the adjacent multi-use path, planting
palette, and buildings. Community stakeholders should participate in all design and
planning exercises when appropriate
Lighting specialty lighting provides an opportunity for creating attractive and engaging
features that activate the river in the evening. Specialty lighting may include
architectural lighting, public art features, interactive lighting, and more. All specialty
lighting should be energy efficient, reduce light pollution, and not be harmful to birds,
bats, and other wildlife.
Restore / Highlight Historic Features.
Both the Chicago River and surrounding communities have strong historical value and
historically-significant elements located throughout. Efforts should be made to highlight
and restore those elements wherever possible, making them visible within the river and
along the multi-use path. In addition, interpretive or cultural signage about each historic
element may contribute to the educational value and significance of the space
Large Riverfront Park
Publicly accessible open spaces need to be incorporated, whenever possible, within

Planned Developments. According to the USGBC, projects with trees and other green
spaces increase property values by 3-15% and increase rental rates by 7%. In general,
uses and design decisions along the river should encourage wat erfront access and be
inviting to workers, neighbors, and visitors.
Placement. Locate open spaces along the river and provide publiclyaccessible open
spaces that facilitate access and use of the adjacent multiuse path via multi-modal
connections from adjacent private developments.
Connections. Physically and visually connect publicly-accessible open spaces to
existing pedestrian, bicycle, and public transportation networks.
Programming. Support active and passive activities and diverse programming
opportunities that will attract a wide variety of users and recreation providers to serve
surrounding residents, institutions, and business. Where possible, connect public uses to
transit and provide required parking.
Framing. Buildings should frame public open spaces and add vitality to the public
realm. Buildings fronting public streets should frame existing public spaces, create
enclosure, and provide placemaking opportunities. Such buildings should contain
ground floor public uses and contribute to the sidewalk and open space activation.
Scale. For Loop, North Branch, and South Branch Zone projects, the larger the open
space, the taller the building may be to create a beneficial relationship in scale between
the two. Increases in density associated with larger buildings also result in higher levels
of open space utilization and increased public safety.
Orientation. Open space should be located to allow sunlight to reach the river corridor
for at least six hours per
day during non-winter months. Solar modeling of proposed development should be
conducted to demonstrate performance as part of the design review and approval
process.
Stormwater. Stormwater requirements could be addressed within recreational fields,
play spaces, or cultural areas being considered for large new developments.
River Edge Treatments
Stacked Flat Rock
Stacked flat rock such as limestone, granite, or broken concrete slabs provides a
relatively aesthetic and functional alternative for shoreline treatments in urban settings.
Stacked flat rock offers a seating and walking surface at the water’s edge that
accommodates walkers, anglers, and others. The reestablished slope should be seeded,
covered with erosion control blankets, and planted with native plugs. If the stacked flat
rock treatment is installed with stable, overhanging slabs adjacent to and within the
water, it may also provide cover for aquatic organisms, as well as resting areas for
waterfowl and other species.
Treatment: Stacked Flat Rock

Shelf Floodplain Wetland / Aquatic Shelf
This treatment involves cutting back the existing bank to create a shallow aquatic shelf
that would support native emergent and submergent vegetation.
Applicability of this treatment is limited to areas with sufficient space to allow grading
the banks back a sufficient distance to create a shallow shelf. The width of the shelf
could be as little as five (5) feet or as great as 50 or more to create a backwater slough.
This treatment can significantly increase aquatic and riparian habitat. The establishment
of different plant communities along the hydrologic gradient provides the chance for a
diversity of vegetative species. This, in turn, provides the opportunity for diverse
wildlife habitats. With adequate width and vegetation establishment, flow and wave
erosion pressure at the water’s edge can be substantially reduced. However, it may be
necessary to provide some level of hardened stabilization at the edge of the channel (but
below the normal water level). The reestablished slope should be seeded, covered with
an erosion control blanket, and planted with native plugs.
Treatment: Floodplain Wetland / Aquatic Shelf
Sheetpile (low wall)
Often made from steel, sheetpile is an effective toe protection method, especially in
deep-water situations. When used for river edge protection, only a low sheetpile wall is
necessary to provide a foundation for the upper slope and protect against scouring. It
can also be placed below water level so that it is not visually intrusive, but the
protection from scouring may be lost.
When capped, it offers a seating and walking surface at the water’s edge that
accommodates walkers, anglers, and others. Once the slope is stabilized, it should be
seeded, covered with an erosion control blanket, and planted with native plugs.
Treatment: Sheetpile (low wall)
Fiber Roll
A fiber roll is a cylinder of non-woven fibers made from compacted coconut husk fiber
and wrapped within a coir woven mesh rope or coconut fiber mesh. Fiber rolls are
available in varying diameters and lengths. Installation occurs linearly along the toe of
eroding stream banks to prevent erosive flows or wave energy from directly contacting
the tow of the bank. The rolls are staked into place and planted with native wetland
plants. Long-term stabilization is dependent upon the extensive establishment of the
vegetation as the fiber roll slowly biodegrades. Site conditions that need to be
considered include hydrology regime, expected sediment load, and substrate stability.
Once the slope is reestablished, it should be seeded, covered with an erosion control
blanket, and planted with native plugs.
Treatment: Fiber Roll

3.2 SAN ANTONIO RIVER IMPROVEMENTS PROJECT
DESIGNED BY
SWA GROUP Biohabitats, Inc. PBS&J Economics Research Associates Sprinkle
Robey Architects Jaster-Quintanilla, Inc.
FOR
Bexar County City of San Antonio San Antonio River Authority San Antonio River
Oversight Committee
PROJECT BACKGROUND
Within downtown San Antonio, the San Antonio River continues to thrive as the
famous River Walk, or Paseo del Rio. However, an additional 13 miles of urban river
exist beyond downtown: upstream to the headwaters at the University of the Incarnate
Word and downstream to the Espada Mission. The possibilities for these river reaches
have not yet been charted.
Bexar County, the City of San Antonio, and the San Antonio River Authority formed
the San Antonio River Oversight Committee (SAROC), comprised of a diverse group of
citizens, in 1998. These four entities have joined for a major undertaking,
the preservation and restoration of the San Antonio River. Under their leadership, the
north and south reaches will be master planned for future enhancement of San Antonio
citizens and visitors lives.
PROJECT AREA
The San Antonio River Improvements Project includes two reaches. The Museum
(Northern) Reach begins at Lexington Street and runs north about four miles to E.
Hildebrand Avenue at Brackenridge Park. Due to two distinct areas within this reach, it
has been further subdivided in the Museum (Northern) Urban Reach from Lexington to
Josephine and the Museum (Northern) Park Reach from Josephine to Hildebrand.
The Historical Mission (Southern) Reach extends southward from S. Alamo Street to
the Espada Mission just below Interstate Loop 410. This reach measures approximately
nine miles, for an entire project length of about 13 linear miles.
MASTER PLAN VISION
SWAs design vision is to restore the Historic Mission (Southern) Reach to a more
natural river (while maintaining floodwater capacity), set the framework for an urban
context in the Museum (Northern) Reach that will provide for new, urban
neighborhoods, and provide a continuous pedestrian linkage from one end of the river
to the other.
The approach for the Historic Mission (Southern) Reach is the application of fluvial
geomorphology that will restore the river to a more natural condition and create a more
stable river. The Museum (Northern) Urban Reach has had bioengineering approaches
applied to create a linear park that has greater habitat than currently exists and also
provides a new front yard for future development. The Park segment of the Museum
Reach will be preserved and very little work is proposed other than erosion control,
removal of invasive plant species, and continuation of the hike and bike pathway.
CONDITIONS BEFORE IMPROVEMENTS
The existing San Antonio River channel was designed and constructed by the U. S.
Army Corps of Engineers to effectively and efficiently control flood events. For
several decades it has been a sterile, flood control channel that is visually u nappealing
although an effective flood control instrument. In addition, it offers great opportunity to
become a revitalized urban spine through the city.
The existing conditions of the Museum (Northern) Reach and Historical Mission
(Southern) Reaches differ greatly. From Lexington Avenue north to Josephine Street
the river is slightly meandering through a narrow channel and has vegetation growing
along much of its banks. The land uses are generally light industrial and commercial
and none of them acknowledge the rivers splendor. The average width of the river
right-of-way in this reach is 80 feet, which limits river restoration and dictates the type
of channel banks that can be developed.
This reach of the river is protected by the Tunnel Structure that was completed in 1998.
Floodwaters are taken in at the Tunnel Inlet Structure on Josephine Street and pass
underneath downtown until they outfall at the Tunnel Outlet Structure on Lone Star
Drive. An increased interest in development along the main channel of the river exists
through this reach. It is essential that any river improvements incorporate flood control
as a high priority.
Element
HISTORICAL MISSION (SOUTHERN) REACH
*Continuous Pathway
*Maintenance Access
*Canoeing
*Passive Recreation
*Active Recreation Pathway Connections
*Linkages with Mission Trails
*Wildlife Habitat
*Enhanced Water Quality
*Constructed Wetlands
*Bike Police
*Lighting Plants along Pilot Channel
*Espada Dam Improvements

*Asymmetrical Banks
*Storm Outfalls below Water
*Textured Concrete Dams
*Wider Pilot Channel
*Minimized Hard Bottom
*Separate Maintenance Path
*Maximum 24-36 Pilot Channel Edges
*Trees No Mow Zones
*Wildlife Beaches
*Enhanced Existing Meanders
*Concrete Rubble Removal/Reuse
Element
MUSEUM (NORTHERN) REACH
*Maintenance Access
*Maintenance by Barges
*Variable Pathways
*Paddleboat Use
*Public Access @ Bank Height
*Continuous Pathways
*Retail @ Brooklyn, Jones, & Pearl Brewery *Park Ranger Access
*Nodal Commercial Development
*Linear Parkway
*Natural River Sections
*Signage @ Street Level
*Improved Water Quality
*Plant, Insect, & Fish Habitats
*Fish Ponds
*Brooklyn Avenue
*Dam Dam Locks & Floodgates *Native/adapted Plantings
*Fish & Wildlife Beaches
*Perceived Safety
*One Pathway @ San Antonio Museum of *Art Linkages with Brackenridge Park.
*Linkages with the Greenway Plan.
*Handcrafted Elements
HISTORICAL MISSION (SOUTHERN) REACH
The SWA design team approached the south reach planning process with restoration,
renovation, and preserving and enhancing flood control as key to creating a beautiful,
useable river that will enhance the quality of life for the citizens of San Antonio. The
science of fluvial geomorphology was investigated to accomplish this goal.
FLUVIAL GEOMORPHOLOGY
The science of fluvial geomorphology is the study of rivers and the processes that form
them. The shape of a river is an integration of geology, climate and land use. The main
function of a river channel is to transport the water and sediment supplied to it as
efficiently as possible. This means that natural channels become sized to carry
frequent, small storm events and the large, infrequent storm events overflow the
channel and inundate the floodplain area. Stable rivers are in a state of dynamic
equilibrium that is, while they change from storm to storm (dynamic)
their overall shape (i.e. cross section, sinuosity, etc.) remains the same (equilibrium).
When the geology, climate, or land use changes, the river must adjust its channel to
compensate for the change. The adjustment takes place in the form of either erosion or
deposition of silt. During this adjustment period, the channel becomes unstable and is
in a state of dis-equilibrium. Most unstable channels are adjusting to land use changes
created by development. Because morphologic features of channels are measurable
(e.g. width, depth, slope, etc.)
it is possible to determine stable and unstable combinations of these morphologic
features by measuring stable and unstable channels. Stable measurements can be later
utilized to design a stable, more natural channel in place of an unstable and changing
channel.
The proposed condition model was created from the existing condition model but
includes the following differences:
1. Cross sections in numerous locations along the river were enlarged to generally
incorporate fluvial geomorphological concepts. Generally, the rivers existing meanders
were increased or lengthened by widening the rivers cross section on the channels outer
side.
2. Removal of Espada Dam as an approach to decreasing/eliminating the flooding at the

Symphony Lane neighborhood.
3. Incorporation of big water areas that are being planned as below (existing) grade
features. These water areas will be developed by excavating below the existing channel
bottom so small dams above the existing grade will not be required to create the wa ter
bodies. The small rock dams proposed will be consistent with the existing bottom
profile.
4. As mentioned above, cross sections were added to the original model to enable
results to reflect the varying vegetation conditions. Adjustments to the veget ation limits
(i.e. vegetation moved away from the channel center) were made in several instances to
prevent vegetation near the channel from increasing water levels and water energy
grade elevations adversely.
5. An expanded opening aligned with the old river remnant was added to the Ashley
Road bridge to allow a portion of the low flows and moderately high flows to pass
through the old river channel downstream of the bridge.
6. The U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 2339 entitled Guide for Selecting
Manningss Roughness Coefficients for Natural Channels and Flood Plains was used to
develop Mannings n factors for the varying vegetation conditions planned for proposed
conditions. The method used basically allows for the development of an n factor for a
cross section or reach of channel based on the combined effect
VISIONS FOR THE HISTORICAL MISSION (SOUTHERN) REACH
The Master Plan demonstrates the intended improvements for each segment of the
Reach and how they can be accomplished. The following is a general description of
each individual segment moving from the south to north:
S. E. MILITARY DRIVE TO WHITE AVENUE

* River impounded on the north side of S. E. Military Drive and south side of White
Avenue
* Historic San Antonio River remnant connected to the river at the San Juan Dam to
provide water downstream at the historic Espada Dam
* New grade control strucures added at the impoundments
* Banks laid-back at the impoundments east side at Hot Wells
* Mission Trails supplemented with a connection on east to White Avenue
MUSEUM (NORTHERN) URBAN REACH
RIVER CHANNEL RESTORATION

The Museum (Northern) Urban Reach will require a different approach to the banks and
river bottom to accomplish its goal of becoming a green, linear park. Because it is an
urban river reach with very limited right-of-way, more architectural approaches will be
required to create a pedestrian and bicycle-accessible environment. In addition, all
improvements within in the channel will be subject to flooding during peak flood
events. Therefore, they must be designed to withstand the associated forces.
These components will include:
1. Armored edges Because the Museum (Northern) Urban Reach will include
passenger barge traffic, the edges must be armored to protect from wakes and barge
impacts. This will not preclude plantings to also be integrated at many of these
locations.
2. Hard edges In limited locations, the pathway will run along the rivers edge and will
require a hard edge.
3. Soft edges In limited locations, the river edges can be soft, or a natural slope planted
with trees and understory. These locations occur only upstream from Josephine Street
where no barge traffic will occur.
4. Channel Bottom The river channel bottom must accomplish two goals; riparian
habitat and maintenance access for cleaning/de-silting.
5. Retaining Walls Where required, retaining walls should be stepped so that they are
reduced in height. They should be built of limestone or a combination of keystone
blocks and limestone ledge stone and planted, as possible.
VISIONS FOR THE MUSEUM (NORTHERN) URBAN REACH
The Master Plan demonstrates the intended improvements for each segment of the
Reach and how they can be accomplished. The following is a general description of
each individual segment moving from the south to north:
1. LEXINGTON STREET TO MCCULLOUGH AVENUE
VISIONS FOR THE MUSEUM (NORTHERN) URBAN REACH
*Channel width to average 30 feet

*Multi-use pathway on the east
*Other pathways on the west
*River edge to vary from armored/planted to hard
PATHWAY SYSTEMS
Another major goal of the San Antonio River Improvements Project is to create a
continuous pathway that connects the north end of the river to the south end of the
project at Mission Espada. This pathway is intended to be a multi-use system that will
be used by both pedestrians and cyclists. It will occur along the river on either one or
both sides and will be variable in width. Although not AASHTO compliant, it will be
useable by cyclists. Refer to the Appendix for more detailed description of the pathway
alignment, funding sources, and locations.
PLANTING CONCEPTS
The planting philosophy for the Museum (Northern) Urban Reach is based upon a set of
Planting Design Principles:
1. Plantings will vary in relationship to the river sometimes adjacent and sometimes
removed.
2. Understory plantings will include tropical and ornamental species, similar to the
River Walk.
3. Trees will be used as individual specimens and not necessarily in masses.
In the Museum (Northern) Urban Reach, planting areas will be smaller in scale and
more detailed in design. The plant species will include native and cultivated/tropical
plants. Trees will be planted as specimens near the water to provide the shading and the
ground plane will include shrubs, ground covers, and flowering plants. The plantings
will be irrigated with a permanent automatic irrigation system.
2. MCCULLOUGH AVENUE TO BROOKLYN AVENUE
* Channel width to average 32 feet

* Multi-use pathway on the east
* Passenger barge pull-over provided to allow passing
* River edge to vary from armored/planted to hard
3. BROOKLYN AVENUE TO 9TH STREET

* Dam located midway between Brooklyn Avenue and 8th Street adjacent to the San
Antonio Housing Authority redevelopment and SARA property. .
* Pedestrian bridge at 8th Street
4. 9TH STREET TO JONES AVENUE

* Continuous green edge to be incorporated
5. JONES AVENUE TO I-35
* Multi-use pathway crosses from east to west
* Armored/planted edges both sides
* Recreation of an historic island to provide habitat
* Barge landing at San Antonio Museum of Art
* Pedestrian/bicycle bridge at 13th Street
6. I-35 TO GRAYSON STREET

* Multi-use pathway on the west
* A turning basin/siltation basin as a terminus at Grayson Street
* A pedestrian bridge and maintenance path at the turning basin
DESIGN COMPONENT PROTOTYPES
The design philosophy for project components consists of three major elements:
1. The design is to be in character with but not copying Hugman variable and changing.
2. Materials are to be indigenous and of the place.
3. Artists are to be included in the design process.
This philosophy has been translated into a series of design component prototypes for the
major river components.
River Channel and Edges
1. River Channel Bottom

2. River Channel Slope Stabilization 3. Retaining Walls
4. Planted Edges (Crib Walls)
SECTION – CHANNEL SLOPE STABILIZATION

3. LIVE CASE STUDY
Sabarmati Riverfront Development
Ahmedabad and the Sabarmati

Ahmedabad pronounced as Amdavad in Gujarati is the largest city and former capital of the
Indian state of Gujarat. It is the administrative headquarters of the Ahmadabad district and
the seat of the Gujarat High Court. Ahmedabad's encompassing urban agglomeration
population estimated at 6,357,693 is the seventh -most populous in India. Ahmadabad is
located on the banks of the Sabarmati River, 30 km (19 mi) from the state capital
Gandhinagar, which is its twin city.
The Sabarmati river is one of the major west-flowing rivers in India. It originates in the
Aravalli Range of the Udaipur District of Rajasthan and meets the Gulf of Khambhat of
Arabian Sea after travelling 371 km (231 mi) in a south -westerly direction across Rajasthan
and Gujarat.[3] 48 km (30 mi) of the river length is in Rajasthan, while 323 km (201 mi) is in
Gujarat.
People use sabarmati as

* As a place for holding the traditional ‘Sunday Market’
* As a place for recreation
* As a place to gather
* As a place for the poor to build their hutments
* As a place for washing and drying clothes
* As a place for holding the traditional ‘Sunday Market’
* As a place for farming

* Gandhiji built his ashram on the Sabarmati bank in Ahmedabad
Sabarmati was abused and neglected
* It became a place to dump garbage .

* Stormwater drains spewed untreated sewage into the river .
* A few nalas brought sewage into the river .
* Sewage from the slums flowed directly into the river .
* Encroachments reduced the river’s flood carrying capacity .
* Haphazard and dull development came up along the riverfront .
* The river became inaccessible to the public .
* The bridges were the only places from which the river could be enjoyed .
* The river became insignificant in the life of the city .
* The city turned its back to the river .
1.Make the riverfront accessible to the public

The catchment area of the Sabarmati basin is 21,674 km2 (8,368 sq mi) out of which
4,124 km2 (1,592 sq mi) lies in Rajasthan State and the remaining 18,550 km2 (7,160
sq mi) in Gujarat.The basin is located in a semi-arid zone with rainfall ranging from 450
to 800 mm (18 to 31 in) in different parts of the basin. The river traverses three
geomorphic zones: rocky uplands, middle alluvial plains, and lower estuarine zone.
The major tributaries are the Watrak, Wakal, Hathmati, Harnav, and Sei rivers. Average
annual water availability in the Sabarmati basin is 308 m3 (10,900 cu ft) per capita,
which is significantly lower than the national average of 1,545 m3 (54,600 cu ft) per
capita.
The Sabarmati is a seasonal river whose flows are dominated by the monsoon, with
little or no flows post-monsoon. An average flow of 33 m3 (1,200 cu ft) per second was
measured at Ahmedabad during the period 1968-1979. Over the past century, the flood
of August 1973 is considered to be the largest flood, when a flow of 14,150 m3
(500,000 cu ft) per second was measured at Dharoi.
Rehabilitation of Slum Dwellers
There were nearly 12000 hutments on both banks of the river occupying nearly 20 per
cent of the critical project area.
A committee was formed under an ex-High Court Judge for finalization of beneficiaries
and a Comprehensive Settlement was arrived at under the supervision of the hon’ble
Gujarat High Court. More than 10000 families have already been allotted houses for
resettlement. 9078 odd families have already been shifted and the remaining is under
the process. Of the total allotments, 6 were Christian, 3874 were Muslims and 5198
were Hindus. Each house is of 26.77 sq m carpet area. They were provided with a
playing area for kids along with recreation facility. Normally, such relocations of slums
usually happen in far-off outskirt areas of the city, whereas in this case the resettlement
areas were very much in the prime locations in the city. Current market value of these
houses is in the range of INR 10 to 25 Lakhs.
Since a river is treated as the mother in India, it was decided to empower the women in
this rehabilitation project by allocating the house in the name of the woman member or
in joint name.
Dhobi Ghat
There were nearly 172 Dhobis using both the banks of the river for washing activities.
They were relocated into the Dhobi ghat (laundry campus), which is constructed on the
eastern bank of the River near Vasna Barrage.
There are 7 blocks in the Modern Dhobi Ghat and each block is having 24 units i.e. 168
units. Well developed water supply and drainage system has been provided with water
meter for inlet watering. Washer men can dry washed cloths on the top floor of the area
provided to him. Facility has been provided to use pulley to take the washed cloths to
top floor.
This modern Dhobi Ghat spread over approx. 9400 sq.mt area has an utility area of
about 6000 Sq.mt. Internal RCC road, adequate lighting and parking facility are
provided along with compound wall and providing security to washmen’s stuff.
Urban Forestry
This unique afforestation project is spread over 1 lakh sq mt, is situ ated between Vasna
Barrage and Ambedkar Bridge. Natural forestry is being developed with different plant
species from Gujarat, including certain very rare species.
This garden comes with a mediation area as well and provides the citizens an escape into
vast greenery in the midst of a sprawling metropolis.
Guarri Bazaar - Sunday Market

Gurjari Bazaar is an age old Sunday Market, where women traders comprise close to 40
per cent and half of these describe themselves as Dalits.
The bazaar provides livelihood for an estimated 200,000 lower-income residents,

through a complex regional chain of artisan entrepreneurs, home workers, mechanics,
technicians and small traders. It used to operate near Ellis Bridge on the Riverfront
without any infrastructure and used to spill out on the adjoining approach road. It was
unhygienic and subjected to risk of flooding during monsoons. Now, it has become the
first well developed informal market in India. A MoU was signed between the
Ahmedshah Gurjari Association and Sabarmati riverfront Development Corporation.
Out of 1200 members of association, 726 members (60.5%) are Hindus and 474
members (39.5%) are Muslims.
Today it is spread over 70,000 sq.mt and 1600 vendors can do their business on 778
pucca platforms and 783 laris. Adequate parking space is provided for 280 two
wheelers, 425 four wheelers (1700 two wheelers) and 8 no’s of heavy vehicles. More
than 200 street lights have been provided in this Market and 800 trees have been
planted. Also other basic facilities like toilets, food-court, drinking water, and seating
area have been provided. With this unique rehabilitation exercise, the litigation and the
stay order from the High Court could also be vacated to pave way for the new initiative.
Event Area
A mega city like Ahmedabad requires a proper event management ground equipped
with modern facilities for hosting mega events. Hence an area of 60,000 sq mt, spread
between Sardar Bridge and Ellis Bridge on the West Bank has been designated for
hosting such events like the Kite festival, the Marathon, the Cyclothon, and Garib
Kalyan Mela( for the urban poor) are organized.
Earlier the dry river bed was used to host events like circus and cricket etc. But, now the
redeveloped riverfront provides unique opportunities to host mega events.
Sewage System
An interceptor sewer system was constructed on both the banks of the river to intercept
the sewer running into the river and divert it to the treatment plants.
The sewage from 36 drainage points used to fall directly into the river earlier, making
the water dirty, mosquito ridden and creating an unhealthy environment. All sewage
now goes to pumping stations, leading to transformation in river quality, and drastic
improvement in the environment around the river.
Background
Sabarmati river has been an integral part in the life of Ahmedabad since the time the
city was founded in 1411 along the river banks. Besides being an important source of
water, it provided a backdrop to cultural and recreational activities. During the dry
seasons, the river bed became a place for farming. With time it also offered place for
various informal economic activities, and the river banks were used by informal
squatter settlements.
Gradually, however, the intensive uses took their toll on the river. Untreated sewage
flowed into the river through storm water outfalls and dumping of industrial waste
posed a major health and environmental hazard. The river bank settlements were
disastrously prone to floods and lacked basic infrastructure facilities. Lacklustre
development took shape along the riverfront. Such conditions made the river
inaccessible and it became a virtual divide between the two parts of the city. Slowly, the
city turned its back towards the river.
There had been a long-standing acknowledgement that the riverfront could be turned
into a major urban asset from its undesirable state. Proposals to achieve the same have
been made since the 1960s and it was finally in 1998 that this multi-dimensional project
was envisioned and undertaken by the city.
Project Objectives
The project aims to provide Ahmedabad with a meaningful waterfront environment

along the banks of the Sabarmati River and to redefine an identity of Ahmedabad
around the river. The project looks to reconnect the city with the river and positively
transform the neglected aspects of the riverfront.
The objectives of this multidimensional project can be categorised under three topics-
Environmental Improvement: reduction in erosion and flood to safeguard the city;
sewage diversion to clean the river; water retention and recharge.
Social Infrastructure: rehabilitation and resettlement of riverbed dwellers and activities;

creation of parks and public spaces; provision of socio-cultural amenities for the city.
Sustainable Development: generation of resources, revitalisation of neighbourhoods.
Master Plan
The Riverfront project presents a great opportunity to create a public edge to the river on the
eastern and western sides of Ahmedabad.
By channeling the river to a constant width of 263m, riverbed land has been reclaimed to
create 11.25 kms of public riverfront on both the banks. The total land reclamation is 204.91
hectares.
The main considerations in allocating land uses for the reclaimed portions were: existing land
uses along the river; extent, location and configuration of reclaimed land avail able; potential
for development; the structural road network and form of the city; bridges proposed in the
Ahmedabad Development Plan, and the possibility of providing adequate infrastructure.
Land use
The main considerations in allocating land uses for the reclaimed portions were:
existing land uses along the river; extent, location and configuration of reclaimed land
available; potential for development; the structural road network and form of the city;
bridges proposed in the Ahmedabad Development Plan, and the possibility of providing
adequate infrastructure.
Street network
The project aims at making Ahmedabad’s riverfront a public asset by reclaiming land
and improving its overall accessibility. The provision of north-south linkages would
strengthen the existing transportation network of the city.
To better access the riverfront and facilities built along it, a number of streets leading up
to the river are shall be strengthened and some new streets will be developed. Most of
the proposed streets are under construction. The new streets are designed with wide
footpaths and designated cycle tracks to improve and encourage pedestrian access to the
river.
Recreation
The project aims to create a thriving, people-centric network of parks, waterside

promenades, markets, cultural and recreational facilities in the heart of Ahmedabad,
making the city’s riverfront a public asset.
The key feature of this project is a two-level, continuous promenade at the water’s edge
along each bank of the river. Together, these promenades provide Ahmedabad with a
11.5-km long pedestrian walkway in the heart of the city. Ghats punctuate the lower
level promenade at planned intervals to provide access to the water. Boating Stations at
the lower level enable water recreation and offer a water-based mode of public transport
in the future.
In addition, many new parks, gardens and sports facilities are being built on the
reclaimed land. The parks shall enhance livability in the area that they are located in
and strengthen the city’s green network.
Development sites
The project aims to be self-financing – to achieve its goals without relying on any
funding from the government. A small portion of the reclaimed land will be sold for
commercial development, to generate sufficient enough resources to pay for developing
the riverfront and managing it.
The private developments that will be built on the riverfront shall be carefully
controlled by volumetric regulations to ensure that the built environment along the
riverfront is harmonious and has a memorable skyline.
Amenities
Overall Schedule
Construction of the project started in 2005, the first phase of 11 kilometers of east and
west embankments is complete. The construction sequence for this project involved a
series of steps that can be seen online here. All heavy engineering and land reclamation
works are complete and all of the interceptor sewer lines and sewage pumping stations
are in place.
All the work on the lower level river promenade, which will provide a twenty-two
kilometer long waterside pedestrian realm, is complete. All stretches of the promenade
are now open for public use. Three boating stations are operating. Laundry Campus and
two of the many proposed parks are completed and have been made available for public
use in January 2014. Riverfront Market is also complete and has been operational since
February 2014.
Work on the upper level river promenade, elevator blocks, public washrooms along the
promenade, the event centre and flower garden is completed.
River Promenade
along each bank of the river. The lower-level promenade is built just above the water
level to serve pedestrians and cyclists, and to provide access to the water. The up per
level promenade shall host a variety of public features at the city level. Together these
provide Ahmedabad with an uninterrupted, pedestrian walkway, nearly 11.5km in
length, in the heart of the city.
The width of the promenade varies from 6-18m. Facilities provided at the River
Promenade include:
Access points from the city level via staircases and ramps at regular intervals and under
every bridge.
Lifts or Elevators to make lower-level promenade accessible for people with
disabilities.
Ghats at key locations to enable continuation of cultural activities.
Boating facilities with a boating station.
Public washrooms at regular intervals.
Concrete paved flooring which can support walking, jogging and cycling.
Continuous seating arrangement at the river’s edge along with protective railing.
Evenly spaced lighting along the length of the promenade.
Evenly spaced tree plantation along the length of the promenade
Circular concrete seating around the trees and provision of dustbins at regular intervals.
Platforms at regular intervals for regulated and organized vending activities.
Security arrangements to handle entry-exit, timings and emergencies.
River Promenade – East
level to serve pedestrians and cyclists solely and to provide access to the water. The
upper level promenade shall host a variety of public features at the city level. Together
these provide Ahmedabad with an uninterrupted, pedestrian walkway, of 11.3km in
River Promenade – West
level to serve pedestrians and cyclists solely and to provide access to the water. The
upper level promenade shall host a variety of public features at the city level. Together
these provide Ahmedabad with an uninterrupted, pedestrian walkway, nearly 11.2km in
Ghats
Ghats punctuate the lower-level river promenade at planned intervals to provide access
to the water. These have been designed at strategic locations to enable continuation of
cultural activities along the water.
Boating Stations
Boating Stations have been provided at the lower-level River Promenade to enable
recreational boating in the river as well as a water-based mode of public transport in the
future. Three boating stations have been completed so far. First station is located on the
eastern bank near Subhash Bridge. The other two stations are located downstream on
the western bank, near Nehru Bridge and Sardar Bridge, respectively.
Parks & Plazas
The project devotes around seventy hectares, more than a quarter (26%), of the
reclaimed land towards creating public spaces in the heart of the city. These open
spaces range from public parks and gardens to shaded plazas and urban forests. The
parks shall enhance livability in the neighbourhoods and provide the city with much
needed green spaces and respite from the dense built environment. The plazas on the
other hand will offer public places for social gatherings, and informal activities to take
place.
Flower Garden
This garden has been envisioned as a permanent flower garden spread in Approx 45000
Sq mt where more than 330 native and exotic flower species. Throughout the year, the
garden serves as a city level unique park where visitors can enjoy beautiful flowers of
both seasonal and non seasonal varieties. It strengthens the green space network on the
western park of the city.
East River Drive

The eastern part of the city does not have a continuous artery such as Ashram Road on the
west, which provides continuous north-south access. East River Drive addressed this need
making it possible to travel uninterrupted from the airport, in the north, to Ambedkar Bridge.
The SRFD streets on the east banks have a 30m RoW. All SRFD streets have dedicated
pedestrian paths with cycle tracks, parking bays, and 6 m/20ft wide carriageways. Access
lanes on one or both sides of the streets provide entries to the existing developmen t and
when required, the proposed riverfront development. The infrastructure services run below
the access lanes, and the stormwater line runs below the central verge.
West River Drive
Along the western bank, Ashram Road forms a continuous north-south connection, and
the SRFD streets weave in and out of the urban fabric creating connections where
required. Ashram Road is undoubtedly the main vehicular artery in the western part of
the city, and the SRFD streets provide alternative routes and strengthen the street
network.
The SRFD streets on the west bank have a 25m RoW. All SRFD streets have dedicated
pedestrian paths with cycle tracks, parking bays, and 6 m/20ft wide carriageways.
Access lanes on one or both sides of the streets provide entries to t he existing
development and when required, the proposed riverfront development. The
infrastructure services run below the access lanes, and the stormwater line runs below
the central verge.
Sports Facilities
Amongst the many public spaces and facilities, the project also offers three significant
sports facilities. These facilities have been proposed with reference to its location in the
city and the surrounding context. These range from a neighbourhood level facility at
Shahpur to a city-level sports hub at Paldi and a cluster of grounds near Pirana for
informal sporting activities.
Amenities
Many public facilities are now open and other few are being built on the reclaimed land
– to include sections with particular needs.
The Riverfront Market has been created to house ‘Ravivari’, the traditional flea market
at a permanent site adjacent to its previous location. The market provides designated
vending areas with 1,641 vendor platforms, seating areas, paved walkways, food courts,
vehicular access, parking and 4 public washrooms. The public areas shall be shaded
with over 800 diverse trees that have been planted.
*At the Exhibition Centre , the riverfront will host trade-fair

facilities to serve the business community.
*The Events Ground offers venues for holding organised events
of local and national importance.
*The Laundry Campus provides facilities for the washing
community that traditionally used the river banks for laundering.
*Integrated outdoor vending areas, situated all along the length
of the project, will accommodate street vendors so they too
benefit from the project.
Riverfront Market
‘Ravivari’, the informal Sunday Market held under Ellis Bridge has been provided a
new home near Gaekwad Haveli, right next to its previous location. It has been
designed as an open air market with a functional arrangement of platforms and zones,
where vendors can display and sell their goods. The tree-shaded public market will
accommodate the ‘Ravivari’ on Sundays and other seasonal markets throughout the
week. The market has been provided with seating areas for visitors, public washrooms,
multi-functional plazas, vehicular access and parking facilities.
It has been made open to the public, following a formal inauguration by Gujarat Chief
Minister- Shri Narendra Modi on 03 February 2014.
Exhibition Centre
Exhibition Centre is a trade-fair facility proposed on the eastern bank of the river,
between Ellis Bridge and Sardar Bridge. It has been envisioned as a multifaceted
convention venue with adaptable spaces that will be equipped with the latest
technological equipments and state-of-the-art facilities. With its strategic location in the
heart of the city, the centre shall address the requirements of the exhibitors and visitors
alike.
Event Centre
The riverfront has a long tradition of hosting events, including those of an historical and
national significance. The Events Ground has been planned to continue this tradition
and offer a wide range of venues for local as well as international events. The centre
provides the infrastructural facilities for holding events along the river in an o rganized
manner. It includes stage with back-stage facilities, VIP Lounge, designated parking,
zones for event halls, lawn area and lighting provision.
Events are carefully considered to provide a range of business, educational and

recreational opportunities, which enhance the identity of the Sabarmati Riverfront and
provide a vital source of income to SRFDCL.
Laundry Campus
A laundry campus has been created to provide state-of-the-art facilities for the washing
community that traditionally used the river banks for laundering.
The recently constructed facility on the eastern bank is spread over approximately 9400
sq.mts area, has vehicular access, parking and lighting within the site. The seven blocks
on the campus have been provided with wet areas on the ground level and terraces are
equipped for drying clothes. These have also been provided with water and electrical
supply with meters and drainage system.
The facility has been operational following the formal inauguration by Gujarat Chief
Minister- Shri Narendra Modi on February 03, 2014
Public Washrooms
A number of public washrooms are now open to public along the River Promenade and
within Riverfront Market to cater to the needs of the visitors, vendors and general
public.
SRFDCL House
SRFDCL House is situated on the prime location have river view near Nehru Bridge. It
is located at the heart of the proposed commercial and cultural Central business District
of Ahmedabad. The energy efficient and environmentally friendly building design
combines with public gardens and plazas to create a vibrant, centrally located river
facing workspace environment with world-class ammenities.
Features:
G+5 Building with 3 Basements.
Project Benefits and Impacts
• Now it is possible to retain surface water in the river all year around
• The ground strata are recharged with storage of 12.5 million cubic meter river water.
• More than 250 MLD sewage is diverted from the river and pollution is eliminated.
• The river is protected from the scour and stopped the erosion of the river banks with
Diaphragm walls.
• 202 ha. land is available by retaining wall on both sides for further development for
the city and flood protection.
• The embankments provided with wide walkways, green space with tree plantation and
many other facilities.
• Rehabilitation of resettlement of 10000 slum dwellers in great pukka houses.
• Traditional users of a river like washer men and unorganized vendors are now
provided with organized facilities.
• Easy access to the river water through Ghats, Stairs/ Ramps.
CONCLUDING REMARK
The abused river can be brought back to the city by utilizing the resources of the river
itself and convert the abandoned land of riverbed and nuisances at the centre of the city
into people's attraction, tourist attraction, creation of infrastructural and recreational
facilities and transform the city more livable in terms of environmental improvement
and inclusive development.
4. SPECIAL STUDY – LANDCAPE
Landscape work on a canvas that is distinctly different from other art forms. The “art”
is always changing as the plants grow, environmental conditions change, and people use
the space. For this reason, landscape designers use a design process that systematically
considers all aspects of the land, the environment, the growing plants, and the needs of
the user to ensure a visually pleasing, functional, and ecologically healthy design
Elements and principles
*The features be physically described by visual qualities of line, form, color, texture,
visual weight—the elements of design.
*The principles are the fundamental concepts of composition—proportion, order,
repetition, and unity
Elements of Design
The elements of composition are the visual qualities that people see and respond to
when viewing a space. Visual qualities can illicit many different emotions and feelings,
and the more positive those feelings, the more likely people are to enjoy and use a
space. Perhaps the most common element in a composition is line.
Line
Line in the landscape is created by the edge between two materials, the outline or
silhouette of a form, or a long linear feature. Landscape use lines to create patterns,
develop spaces, create forms, control movement, establish dominance, and create a
cohesive theme in a landscape. Landscape lines are created several ways: when two
different materials meet on the ground plane, such as the edge of a brick patio meeting
an expanse of green turf; or when the edge of an object is visible or contrasts with a
background, such as the outline of a tree against the sky; or by the placement of a
material in a line, such as a fence.
Form
Shape is created by an outline that encloses a space, and form is the three-dimensional
mass of that shape. Form is found in both hardscape and plants, and it is typically the
dominant visual element that spatially organizes the landscape and often determines the
style of the garden. The form of structures, plant beds, and garden ornaments also
determines the overall form theme of the garden. Formal, geometric forms include
circles, squares, and polygons. Informal, naturalistic forms include meandering lines,
organic edges, and fragmented edges.
Plant forms
Form is the most enduring quality of a plant. Common plant forms are well established
and standardized, as form is the most consistent and recognizable characteristic of
plants.A strong form that contrasts with the rest of the composition will have greater
emphasis within the composition. A highly contrasting form must be used with care—
one or two work well as a focal point, but too many create chaos. Natural plant forms,
rather than over-trimmed forms, should establish the bulk of the composition.
*Vertical forms add height; horizontal forms add width,.
*Plant forms also create and define the void or open spaces between the plants, creating
either convex or concave forms in the voids.
* High-arching tree branches typically create a concave open space under the branches,
and a round canopy with low branches fills the space to create a convex form in the
open space under the tree.
Texture
Texture refers to how coarse or fine the surface of the plant or hardscape material feels
and/or looks. Texture is used to provide variety, interest, and contrast. The plant’s
foliage, flowers, bark, and overall branching pattern all have texture.
A plant can generally be described as having a coarse, medium, or fine texture.
*Coarse texture is more dominant than fine and also tends to dominate color and form,
while fine texture is more subordinate to other qualities and tends to unify
compositions.
*Coarse-textured plants attract the eye and tend to hold it because the light and dark
contrasts of the shadows provide more interest.
* Fine texture exaggerates distance and gives the feeling of a larger, more open space.
*Rough texture minimizes distance—plants appear closer and the space feels smaller,
or enclosed.
Properties of texture
Texture affects the perception of distance and scale. To make a space feel larger, locate
plants so that the fine textures are along the outer perimeter, the medium textures are in
the middle, and the coarse textures are closest to the viewer.
. Hardscape with a coarse texture—such as very rough rocks and bold, large timbers—
tends to make all plant material appear more medium textured. Designers often develop
a texture study on paper to help decide the arrangement of plant materials. The drawing
mimics texture by using different line weights and spacing to represent fine, medium,
and coarse textures.
Color
Color in plant material and hardscape adds interest and variety to the landscape. Color
is the most conspicuous element in the landscape and is usually the focus of most
homeowners; however, it is also the most temporary element, usually lasting only a few
weeks a year for individual plants.
The use of color is guided by color theory (use of the color wheel) to create color
schemes.
A simple description of the color wheel includes the three primary colors of red, blue,
and yellow; the three secondary colors (a mix of two primaries) of green, orange, and
violet; and six tertiary colors (a mix of one adjacent primary and secondary colo r), such
as red-orange. Color theory explains the relationship of colors to each other and how
they should be used in a composition. The basic color schemes are monochromatic,
analogous, and complementary.
Properties of color
Color is an important element for creating interest and variety in the landscape. Colors
have properties that can affect emotions, spatial perception, light quality, balance, and
emphasis.
One property of color is described relative to temperature—colors appear to be cool
or warm and can affect emotions or feelings. Cool colors tend to be calming and should
be used in areas for relaxation and serenity. Warm colors tend to be more exciting and
should be used in areas for entertaining and parties. The “temperature” of colors can
also affect the perception of distance. Cool colors tend to recede and are perceived as
being farther away, making a space feel larger. Warm colors tend to advance and are
perceived as being closer, making a space feel smaller.
When choosing a color scheme, consideration should be given to the time of day the
yard will be used. Because color is temporary, it should be used to highlight more
enduring elements, such as texture and form. A color study on a plan view is helpful
for making color choices. Color schemes are drawn on the plan to show the amount and
proposed location of various colors.
Principles of Design
Design principles guide designers in organizing elements for a visually pleasing

landscape. A harmonious composition can be achieved through the principles of
proportion, order, repetition, and unity.
Physical and psychological comfort are two important concepts in design that are
achieved through use of these principles.
*People feel more psychologically comfortable in a landscape that has order and
repetition. Organized landscapes with predictable patterns (signs of human care) are
easier to “read” and tend to make people feel at ease. Psychological comfort is also
affected by the sense of pleasure that a viewer perceives from a unified or harmonious
landscape.
*Users feel more physically comfortable, function better, and feel more secure in a
landscape with proportions compatible to human scale.
Proportion
Relative proportion is the size of an object in relation to other objects. Absolute

proportion is the scale or size of an object. An important absolute scale in design is the
human scale (size of the human body) because the size of other objects is considered
relative to humans.
Plant material, garden structures, and ornaments should be considered relative to
human scale. Other important relative proportions include the size of the house, yard,
and the area to be planted.
Order
Order generally refers to the spatial layout or organization of the design and is mo st
often achieved through balance. Balance is the concept of equal visual attraction and
weight, usually around a real or imaginary central axis.
Form, color, size, and texture all affect balance. Balance can be symmetrical,
asymmetrical, or perspective. Order can also be achieved by massing features or
elements into distinct groups and arranging them around a central point.
Repetition
Repetition is created by the repeated use of elements or features to create patterns or a

sequence in the landscape. Repeating line, form, color, and texture creates rhythm in the
landscape. Repetition must be used with care—too much repetition can create
monotony, and too little can create confusion. Simple repetition is the use of the same
object in a line or the grouping of a geometric form, such as a square, in an organized
pattern.
Unity
Unity is achieved by linking elements and features to create a consistent character in the
composition. Unity is sometimes referred to as harmony—the concept of everything
fitting together. By comparison, scattered groupings of plants and unrelated garden
ornaments are the opposite of unity.
*Unity is achieved by using dominance, interconnection, unity of three (described
below), and simplicity to arrange colors, textures, and form.
6.SITE ANALYSIS – TIRUNELVELI

The ConnectedCities methodology is applicable to anywhere with a rail system. In the
developing countries of Asia, Africa and America it offers a means of accommodating
their very fast growth that avoids migration to the already overstretched mega cities,
with their urban sprawl, intense high rise living, severe air pollution and often dense
slums, where urban infrastructure is often overloaded even before car usage rises to
Western levels.
This case study investigates whether instead the ConnectedCities principles can be
applied to shift sustainable growth to the more rural areas in which provincial cities are
located. It studies India, where currently only 30% of the population live in towns, in
comparison with the world average of 50%. With rising expectations and educational
levels young people no longer want to stay in the villages, so the challenges are: where
should they go; how can their earn enough to support themselves and their families; and
what can be done to raise agricultural productivity and incomes?
The example is Tirunelveli in Tamil Nadu, chosen as typical ‘metro city’ (city
population ½ to 1.5 million) sited on an existing railway junction.
Tamil Nadu
Tamil Nadu is the southernmost state of India, and has a clime classified as tropical
savanna. Its population is 78 million, and the growth rate for the decade before the last
census was 16%. The major city is Chennai, whose population expanded by 63%
between 2001 and 2011. The rail system has 5,952 km (3,698 mi) of track and 532
railway stations.
Tirunelveli District is located in southern Tamil Nadu, and has a population of 3

million in an area of 6,700 sq.km. Tirunelveli City has just under 500,000 inhabitants in
an area of 150 sq. Km.
Its population expanded by 15% between 2001 and 2011. At present young people are
forced to leave the city and move to the mega cities tofind housing and work: hence the
dramatic growth in Chennai.
The ConnectedCites methodology identifies Tirunelveli as the hub town of the potential
ConnectedCity. Tirunelveli has two stations: Tirunelveli Junction and Tirunelveli
Town. The former is much larger than the latter, and the natural Hub.
Rail
Tirunelveli is at the junction of four rail lines, all operated by the Southern Railway
Zone. The north-south routes are electrified single track, and the east-west are non
electrified single track. In February 2015 Indian Railways sanctioned of the double
tracking of the north-south line between Maniyachi-Tirunelveli-Nagercoil, a distance of
170km costing 1.7 billon rupees.
There are seven rail stations within 15 minutes travel time of Tirunelveli Junction:
Tirunelveli Town - 8 trains per day

Cheranmadevi - 8 trains per day
Palayamkottai - 6 trains per day Pettai - 4 trains per day
Sengulam - 1 train per day
Seydunganallur - 7 trains per day
Thalaiyuthu - 5 trains per day
Local Government
Tirunelveli Muncipal Corporation is responsible for the City, the two adjoining
municipalities of Palayamkottai and Melapalayam, and twelve towns of approximately
20,000 population each.
Road
The Corporation is responsible for 475 miles of roads. Most are single carriageway, but
National Highway NH7 to the port town Thoothukudi is dual carriageway. Motorised
vehicle ownership for the District in 2011 was 24% of households for two wheelers and
3% for four
Walking / Cycling / Buses & Rickshaws

One third of commutes to work are on foot. In Tirunelveli District bicycle ownership
averaged 46% of households. In 2015, 650 buses were operated by in Tirunelvlei
Distirict by Tamil Nadu State Corporation and 275 registered to private operators, as
well as 250 mini buses. There were 4,000 taxis, 3,000 maxicabs and over 8,500
registered auto rickshaws.
Water & Trees

The average annual rainfall is 680 millimetres. Maximum precipitation occurs during
the northeast monsoon in October (166mm) and November (195mm), when extensive
flooding occurs. Lowest precipitation is June (16mm) and July (13mm), when water
shortages are common. In the city water supply is provided by the Tirunelveli City
Corporation from the Tamirabarani River. Tamil Nadu Water supply And Drainage
Board (TWAD) is responsible for the rest of the District.
Trees have been disappearing from the landscape in recent generations, but local charity
SCAD has a programme of planting 100,000 indigenous new trees and sowing about
50,000 seeds per annum. Trees increase green cover and provide fodder and fuels. In
turn increasing trees brings more rainfall.
Commerce & Education

Agriculture and food processing are the largest sectors. There are also cement factories,
tobacco companies, Tirunelveli is known for its educational institutions, many of which
are located at Palayamkottai (east of Tirunelveli) known as the “Oxford of South India”.
The District has a literacy rate of 77%, which is above the state average. As of 2005 –
2006, the District had a total of 2,500 schools, one university, four government
colleges, eleven government-sponsored and seven private colleges.
Population Growth
The District population growth in the decade 2001 to 2011 was 14%, with rural areas
growing at 12% and Tirunelveli City growing at 15%.
The Tirunelvlei Local Planning Authority (TLPA) has a master plan to 2021, and within
it detailed plans for each area. The plan proposes an expansion of residential areas into
the existing agricultural areas on the edge of the city.
In the seven years between 1999-2006 the built up area of the city expanded by about
40 sq.km, while agricultural land declined almost 75 sq.km and water bodies reduced
by 21sq.km. Much of the land built upon was previously used to feed the local
population.
Smart City
Tirunelveli entered Prime Minister Ghodi’s recent Smart City Challenge, and was
ranked 56th nationally. The bid was based on a widespread public consultation
including social media, and proposed pedestrianisation around temple area and
construction of a Non Motorised Transport corridor to promote walking, as well as new
settlement of 250 acres within 10km of the city’s boundaries.

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THAMIRABARANI RIVERFRONT DEVELOPMENT

in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree

Certified that this project report “

PROF. Mr. LAKSHMANA RAJU S ASST.PROF. GOWTHAM

HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT INTERNAL GUIDE

I am indebted to the Head of the Department, Prof. Mr. Mr. LAKSHMANA

I acknowledge my gratitude to AR. MR. Manokaran my external thesis guide

vi. Special Study…………………………………………………………

CHAPTER CONTENTS PAGE.NO

3.2 San antonio River improvements project

AIM: To formulate Riverfront development as a Socio-Interactive space.

Stormwater drains spewed untreated sewage into the river

.Strong Ecological Blend

Pedestriancirculation systemsfall intotwo broadcategories: (1)thosewherethe basic

1.This typeofwork involvesimprovement of the "pedestrian experience" as much as it

Human dimensions in various activity positions.

AVERAGE WALKING RATES OF ADULT PEDESTRIANS

Normal cone of vision.

Minimum Curve Radii forUnbraked Turns:

where,R = minimum radius of curvature, mm(ft)

Gabion retaining wall. Precast concrete masonry retaining wall.

Earth tieback retaining wall. Bin wall. Top maybe capped.

Typical vertical timber wall Typical horizontal timber wall.

SURFACING AND PAVING

Regional climate factors of daily temperature extremes, precipitation rate and

SITE FURNITURES AND FEATURES

Lux and footcandle measurements. Lamp effciacy

Categories of light Fixtures

Gardens Lux Footcandles

RECREATIONAL WATER BODIES

Principal concernsinthedesign ofrecreational water bodies are control of

Wave-cut beach form on erodible shore

Hydrologic progression in Hydrologic progression in

PUBLIC TOILET ROOMS FOR THE HANDICAPPED

THE SIZE OF THE THEATER

OUTSIDE THE THEATER

6. A Separate Entrance and Parking for Cast and Crew

These features are recommended for the main (central) stage:

It is desirable to have backstage office space

CHICAGO RIVER DESIGN

HISTORICAL CONTEXT OF THE RIVER

Character Zones + Minimum setback

Improvements or structures permitted in the setback area include:

Improvements or Structures Not Permitted in the Setback Area

Improvements or structures not permitted in the setback area include:

Setback and Top of Bank for Sloped Bank

Maximum variance (depth):

Maximum variance (length):

River-Dependent & Critical Service Uses

Critical Service Uses

Minimum Path Width

Minimum Path Width, North Branch / South Branch, Combined

Minimum Path Width, Loop

Paving and Masonry Material

Wayfinding and Signage

Signage, identity, and wayfinding are essential components to enhance the

Directional Signage. Directional signage is generally used to provide people with

Preservation and Restoration

Protection. Existing vegetation and habitats should be protected during construction by

Vertical Bulkhead River Edge Sloped River Edge

River Edge Treatments

Sloped Bank Treatments

Delineation of the River Edge