Professional Documents
Culture Documents
URBAN PLANNING
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HISTORY OF SETTLEMENTS
HISTORY of SETTLEMENTS
Ancient Times
Natural factors that affect the
development and growth of urban areas:
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HISTORY of SETTLEMENTS
Ancient Times
Innovations that influenced the development of
the earliest cities
- The plow and rectilinear farming.
HISTORY of SETTLEMENTS
7000 – 9000 b.c.
Neolithic cities
- Jericho: early settlement in Israel -9000b.c.
- A well-organized community of about 3000 people
- Built around a reliable source of freshwater
- Only 3 hectares and enclosed with a circular stone wall
- Overrun in about 6500 b.c., rectangular layouts followed
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HISTORY of SETTLEMENTS
HISTORY of SETTLEMENTS
2000 – 4000 b.c.
- Cities in the Fertile Crescent were formed by the Tigris
and Euphrates river valleys of Mesopotamia
- Eridu- acknowledged as the oldest city.
- Damascus- oldest continually inhabited city
- Babylon: the largest city with 80,000 inhabitants
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HISTORY of SETTLEMENTS
HISTORY of SETTLEMENTS
3000 b.c.
-Cities of Thebes and Memphis along the Nile Valley
- characterized by monumental architecture
-cities had monumental avenues, colossal temple
plazas and tombs cut from rock
-worker’s communities
were built in cells along
narrow roads
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HISTORY of SETTLEMENTS
- Tel-el-Amarna
- An example of a typical
Egyptian city with the
following:
(1) central area
(2) north suburb
(3) south city
(4) custom’s house
(5) worker’s village
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HISTORY of SETTLEMENTS
2500 b.c.
- Indus Valley (present day Pakistan)
-Cities of Mohenjo – Daro and Harrapa:
-administrative-religious centers with 40,000 inhabitants
-archeological evidence indicates an advanced civilization
lived here as there were housing variations, sanitary and
sewage systems, etc.
1900 b.c.
-Yellow River Valley of China-
“land within the passes”. Precursor of Linear City.
- Anyang- largest city of the Yellow River Valley
800 b.c.
- Beijing- founded in approximately same location it’s in today
-present form originated in the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644)
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HISTORY of SETTLEMENTS
b.c. to a.d
- Elaborate network of cities in Mesoamerica were built by
the Zapotecs, Mextecs, and Aztecs in rough rugged land.
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HISTORY of SETTLEMENTS
700 b.c. Greek Classical Cities
- Greek cities spread through the Aegean Region –
westward to France and Spain
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HISTORY of SETTLEMENTS
700 b.c.
- Sparta and Athens : the largest cities (100-150T)
- Neopolis and Paleopolis (new and old cities)
400 b.c.
-Hippodamus- the first noted urban planner. Introduced
the grid system and the Agora (public marketplace)
-Miletus
- 3 sections:
for artisans, farmers,
and the military
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HISTORY of SETTLEMENTS
Roman Classical Cities
-Roman Cities : adopted Greek forms but with different
scale- monumental, had a social hierarchy
- Roman Forums
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HISTORY of SETTLEMENTS
- Romans as engineers- built aqueducts, public
baths, utility systems, fountains, etc.
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HISTORY of SETTLEMENTS
Medieval Ages
- Decline of Roman power left many outposts all over
Europe where growth revolved around
- Feudalism affected the urban design of most towns
- Sienna and
Constantinople:
signified the
rise of the
Church
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HISTORY of SETTLEMENTS
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HISTORY of SETTLEMENTS
The Renaissance and Baroque periods
- 15th Century France: display of power
- Arts and architecture became a major element of
town planning and urban design
- Geometrical forms of cities were proposed
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HISTORY of SETTLEMENTS
- Vienna emerged as the city of culture and the
arts- the first “university town”
- Landscape architecture showcased palaces
and gardens
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HISTORY of SETTLEMENTS
Settlements in the Americas
1. Medieval Organic City - taken after the “boug”
(military town) and “fauborg” (citizen’s town) of
the medieval ages
2. Medieval Bastide - taken from the French bastide
(eventually referred to as “new towns”)
- came in the form of grids or radial plans
reflecting flexibility
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HISTORY of SETTLEMENTS
4. The English Renaissance - “the European
Planned City” – ex. Savannah (designed
by James Oglethorpe), Charleston, Annapolis,
and Williamsburg (Col. Francis Nicholson)
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HISTORY of SETTLEMENTS
Annapolis Williamsburg
– government bldgs were – plan was anchored by
focal points of the plan, the Governor’s palace,
though a civic square the state capitol, and
was also provided the College of William
and Mary
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HISTORY of SETTLEMENTS
5. The Speculators Town - developments were
driven by speculation
- Philadelphia– designed by William Penn
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HISTORY of SETTLEMENTS
The Industrial Revolution
- The “Machine Age” - change from manpower
to assembly lines
- 2 schools of thought- the “reform movements”
and the “specialists”
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HISTORY of SETTLEMENTS
The Industrial Revolution
- the reform movements:
- Robert Owens (New Lanark Mills,
Manchester, England)
-Designed for 800 to 1200 persons
-With agricultural, light industrial,
educational, and recreational facilities
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HISTORY of SETTLEMENTS
- Tony Garnier (Une Cite Industrielle )
Locational features
may have been a
precursor to modern
zoning
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THEORIES AND PRACTICES
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THEORIES and PRACTICES
- The Garden City Association- established by
Howard in 1899
Letchworth:
first Garden City
designed by
Raymond Unwin
and Barry Parker
in 1902
-Consisted of
4,500 acres
(3000 for agriculture,
1500 for city proper)
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-Welwyn, 1920
(by Louis de Soisson)
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THEORIES and PRACTICES
The City Beautiful Movement
-Influenced by the world fairs of
the late 19th century, like the 1891
Columbian Exposition, Chicago
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Champs d’ Elysee
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THEORIES and PRACTICES
Brasilia New Capitals
- capital of Brazil and a completely new twentieth-
century city
- Designed by Lucio Costa with a lot of influence
from Le Corbusier
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THEORIES and PRACTICES
Canberra, Australia in 1901
- Canberra’s design taken from the principles of the
city beautiful movement
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THEORIES and PRACTICES
The City of Towers
-Conceptualized by Le Corbusier in his book
-“the Cities of Tomorrow”
-A “super building
with 337 dwellings in
10 acres of land
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THEORIES and PRACTICES
- Broadacres Frank Lloyd Wright
FLW proposed that every family in the U.S.
live in one acre of land. Problems with lack of land
lead to his design of the…
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-Stalingrad
-N.A Milyutin,
1930
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THEORIES and PRACTICES
- The Arcology Alternative– the 3D city by
Paolo Soleri
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-Motopia
- Proposed by Edgar Chambless
- Vehicular traffic will be along
rooftops of a continuous
network of buildings, while
the streets will be for
pedestrian use only
-Science Cities
- Proposed by the “metabolism group”; visionary
urban designers that proposed underwater cities,
“biological” cities, cities in pyramids, etc.
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THEORIES and PRACTICES
- The Floating City- Kiyonori Kikutake
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THEORIES and PRACTICES
- by Clarence Perry and The Neighborhood Unit
Clarence Stein, defined
as the Physical
Environment wherein
social, cultural,
educational, and
commercial are within
easy reach of each other
- concerns self sustainability
of smaller units
- the elementary school as the
center of development
determines the size of the
neighborhood
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city population
Baghdad (Iraq) 900,000
Changan (China) 500,000
Constantinople 300,000
(Turkey)
Kyoto (Japan) 200,000
Cordova (Spain) 200,000
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THEORIES and PRACTICES
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- Improved medicine
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THEORIES and PRACTICES
- “Megalopolis” – concept coined by Jean Gottmann
for urban complexes in the Northeastern United
States.
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SETTLEMENT PLANNING
IN THE PHILIPPINES
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Settlement Planning in the Phils.
Pre-colonial Times
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Settlement Planning in the Phils.
- The Plaza Complex-
a result of several
ordinances of the
Laws of the Indies.
- The plaza is
surrounded by
important buildings
such as the:
Catholic church
Municipal or town hall
Marketplace and merchant’s
stores
Elementary school
The homes of the “principalia”
Other government buildings
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Intramuros
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Settlement Planning in the Phils.
The American Period
The American Agenda
- guide urban growth and physical development
- put more emphasis on other values such as
sanitation, housing, and aesthetic improvements.
Daniel Burnham
- Architect / planner who designed Chicago, San
Francisco, and parts of Washington D.C.
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Luneta
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Settlement Planning in the Phils.
Burnham’s Design for Manila
- Designed with
grand avenues and
a strong central
civic core
- Included a civic
mall to house
national buildings
(only the Finance &
Agriculture buildings
were built)
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Settlement Planning in the Phils.
The Arrabales Growth of Manila
- Quiapo- the illustrado territory; the enclave of the
rich and powerful. Also the manifestation of folk
religiosity.
- Binondo- the trading port developed by the
Chinese and Arabs
- Sta. Cruz- the main commercial district with swirls
of shops, movie houses, restaurants, etc.
- San Nicolas- also a commercial town built by the
Spanish with streets of “specialized” categories
(i.e. ceramics, soap, etc.)
- Sampaloc- centered on two churches (Our Lady of
Loreto and Saint Anthony of Padua). Also known
as the first “University Town”.
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Settlement Planning in the Phils.
Further Suburbanization
Quezon City as the new capitol city
-In 1939, Commonwealth Act
No. 457, authorized the
transfer of the capitol to
an area of 1572 hectares
-A master plan of Quezon City
was completed in 1941 by
Architects Juan Arellano,
Harry T. Frost, Louis Croft,
and Eng. A.D. Williams
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Settlement Planning in the Phils.
Philippine Homesite and Housing Corporation
- Precursor of the National Housing Authority
- Built homes for the masses
(“the projects”, i.e. proj.4, proj. 6, etc.)
Philamlife Homes
- icon of middle class suburbanization
- Master Plan designed by Architect and Planner,
Carlos P. Arguelles, based on suburban
developments in California with modifications
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Settlement Planning in the Phils.
Metro Manila Central Business Districts
- Manila CBD- this traditional CBD is a center of
business and commerce, has a population
nucleus, and seats the national government
- Makati CBD- a business, financial, commercial,
convention, and recreational center of the
Metropolitan Region covering an area of 979
hectares. Begun by the Ayala conglomerate in
1948.
- Ortigas CBD- another business, financial,
convention, shopping, and recreational node.
Developed by the Ortigas conglomerate in the
1950s, it’s present configuration fully developed
only in the late 80s. The area covers 600 hectares.
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KEVIN LYNCH
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Kevin Lynch’s Images of the City
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Kevin Lynch’s Images of the City
Edges
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Kevin Lynch’s Images of the City
- Physical characteristics have a variety of
components
activity and use
building types and detail
inhabitants (ethnic or class)
physical characteristics (topography, boundaries,
age, etc.)
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IAN BENTLEY
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Ian Bentley’s Responsive Env’ts
- Places must be accessible to Permeability
people to offer them choice
- Public and private access
must be complementary
- Physical and visual
permeability depends
on how the network of
public space divides the
environment into blocks
- There is a decline in public permeability because
of current design trends
Scale of development
Hierarchical layout
Segregation
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Ian Bentley’s Responsive Env’ts
- Degree of choice depends
on how legible it is: how
Legibility
layout is understood
- Legibility is important at
two levels: physical form
and activity patterns
- Legibility in the old days:
important buildings
stood out
- Legibility of form and use is
reduced in the modern
environment
- Separating pedestrians from vehicles also reduces
legibility
- Legibility is strengthened by Lynch’s physical
elements of the city
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Ian Bentley’s Responsive Env’ts
Visual Appropriateness
- Visual Appropriateness
focuses on details
- A vocabulary of
visual cues must
be found to
communicate levels
of choice
- Interpretations can
reinforce
responsiveness by :
supporting the place’s legibility
supporting the place’s variety
supporting the place’s robustness
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Ian Bentley’s Responsive Env’ts
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Ian Bentley’s Responsive Env’ts
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URBAN FORM AND FUNCTION
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Urban Form and Function
radiocentric- Shape
a large circle with radial
corridors of intense
development emanating from
the center
rectilinear-
usually with two corridors of
intense development crossing
the center; usually found in small
cities rather than in large
star-
radiocentric form with open
spaces between the outreaching
corridors of development
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linear-
usually the result of natural
topography which restricts growth;
may also be a transportation spine
branch-
a linear span with connecting arms
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Urban Form and Function
sheet-
a vast urban area with little or no
articulation
articulated sheet-
a sheet accented by one or more
central clusters and several
subclusters
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constellation-
a series of nearly equal sized cities
in close proximity
satellite-
constellation of cities around a
main center
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Urban Form and Function
Size & Density
- physical extent – measured in KMs across, or
center to outskirts, or square KM
- density formulas- number of inhabitants with respect
to physical size; can be computed in several ways:
number of people per sq. KM or hectare
number of families per block (residential density)
number of houses per sq. KM or hectare
amount of building floor area per section
automobile population, Floor Area Ratio (FAR), etc.
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- approach routes
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Urban Form and Function
Urban Spaces
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Urban Form and Function
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- channelization
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Urban Form and Function
City Functions
Economic
-A basic and continuing function. The city acts as
producers and marketplaces
-Locating cities at strategic points is important for
the exchange of goods
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Transportation
-Greatly influences the location of cities since they are
dependent on geography
-New means of transportation have enabled people to
live in much larger more spread out cities
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Urban Form and Function
Education and Culture
-Cities have always been the seat of academy and
scholarship and is a continuing function
-Due to the diversity of people, ideas, jobs, etc., the
city is seen as an educator.
-Ancient theaters, religious festivals, city beautification,
etc. is a reflection of cultural pride.
Housing
-The largest and simplest function of a city
-Through the years, housing functions of the inner city
have shifted to outlying areas
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URBAN MODELS
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Urban Models
Concentric Zone Theory
- the geographer
E.W. Burgess
- includes transition
zone for eventual
CBD expansion
- has some
deficiencies but
simplicity has
stood the test
of time
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Urban Models
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Urban Models
- by Chauncy Harris &
Edward Pullman Multiple Nuclei Model
(geographers)
- uses do not evolve
around a single core
but at several nodes
and focal points
Urban Models
Urban Realms
- by James Vance
- presents the
emergence of
self-sufficient
sectors
- independent urban
realms brought
by the impact of
the automobile
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URBAN DESIGN CONTROLS
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also referred to
as ‘Plot Ratio’
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Urban Design Controls
Land Use Planning and Zoning
- Defined as the legal regulation of the use of land
- Allocating types of uses based on growth patterns
- An application of the police power for the protection
of the public health, welfare, and safety
Incentive Zoning
- allowing builders and developers more space if they
provide certain desirable features and amenities
such as plazas, arcades, and other open spaces
Cluster Zoning
- Creating special zoning policies and regulations for
medium to large sized controlled developments
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Urban Design Controls
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Urban Design Controls
- Urban Renewal- a general term to describe the
idea of consciously renewing the outworn areas
of towns and cities; covers most aspects of
renewal, including both redevelopment and
rehabilitation
“The process of cleaning slum areas which are
economically & physically beyond repair,
rehabilitation areas where houses & neighborhood
facilities can be restored to come up to health,
safety, & good living standards, & protective
measures in order to prevent enrichment of
undesirable influences” – (exam question)
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Urban Planning Terms
-Invasion- a type of urban ecological process defined
as the entrance of a new population and / or
facilities in an already occupied area
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EMERGING THEORIES
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Emerging Theories
Planned Unit Developments
- sometimes referred to as cluster zoning
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• This is equivalent to an
average walking time of
about 5 minutes.
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Transit Oriented Developments
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Transit Oriented Developments
- Neighborhood TOD- on a local or feeder bus line
within 10 minutes transit travel time (no more
than 3 miles) from a trunk line transit stop.
They should place an emphasis on moderate
density residential, service, retail, entertainment,
civic, and recreational uses.
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Emerging Theories
Distribution of TODs-
TODs should be located to
maximize access to core
commercial areas without relying
solely on arterials. TODs with
major competing retail centers
should be spaced a minimum
of 1 mile apart and should be
distributed to serve different
neighborhoods. When located on
fixed rail transit systems, they
should be located to allow
efficient station spacing
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Emerging Theories
Traditional Neighborhoods
- Developments that take
the form of traditional
neighborhoods, while
still accommodating
the automobile and
other modern amenities.
- These are finely
integrated, walkable
communities with a
strong local identity
and with convivial
public places
- The ideas of TNDs are
further illustrated in
“New Urbanism”
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NEW URBANISM
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New Urbanism
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New Urbanism
• Sprawl-
Creates landscapes
dominated by
parking lots and
undefined edges,
aesthetically
unpleasing
characteristics of
the urban fabric
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New Urbanism
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New Urbanism
the Congress for New Urbanism (CNU)
New Urbanism
( Region, City, Neighborhood,
Hierarchy of Spaces
District, Block, Street )
The Region
- urbanism, defined by its
diversity, pedestrian
scale, public space &
structure of bounded
neighborhoods,
should be applied
throughout a
metropolitan region
regardless of location.
- The entire region should
be designed according
to similar urban principles.
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New Urbanism
The neighborhood, the district, & the corridor
- these three are the fundamental organizing elements
of New Urbanism
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New Urbanism
The street, the block, and the building-
- the form of New Urbanism is realized by the deliberate
assembly of streets, blocks, and buildings
streets are not the dividing lines within a city, but are to
be communal rooms and passages
blocks are the field on which unfolds both the building
fabric and the public realm of the city
buildings are the smallest increment of growth in the
city. Their proper configuration and placement relative to
each other determines the character of each settlement
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New Urbanism
The Context of New Urbanism
- The neighborhood has a discernible center or a
focal point
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New Urbanism
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New Urbanism
- There are small playgrounds near every dwelling –
not more than 200 meters away.
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New Urbanism
-An elementary school is close enough so that most
children can walk from their home.
- The streets and sidewalks are covered with rows of
trees and other landscaping elements that provide
shade to pedestrians and an overall pleasant environment
- Parallel parking will also be allowed along the streets,
with trees in between each designated space
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New Urbanism
- Sidewalks are wide, at
least 3.0 meters, and
will be free from
dangerous obstructions
except for landscaping
elements and street
furniture that will invite
pedestrians to sit.
- Storefronts are also built
close to the sidewalk,
with wide window
openings and visible
entrances that are
inviting to the pedestrian
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New Urbanism
-Buildings in the neighborhood center are placed close
to the street, creating a well-defined “outdoor room”.
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New Urbanism
New Urbanism
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New Urbanism
- The neighborhood is organized to be self-governing.
A formal association debates and decides matters
of maintenance, security and physical change
Redevelopment
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New Urbanism
Infill
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New Urbanism
New Towns
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New Urbanism
Seaside Famous Case Studies
- Walton County,
Florida, 1981
- proj area. 80 acres
- Fosters a strong sense
of community with
a variety of dwelling
units built close to
each other,
complete
neighborhood
amenities, open
spaces, terminating
vistas, etc.
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New Urbanism
-Architectural
guidelines include
the requirement for
porches built up to
the road
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New Urbanism
Laguna West
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New Urbanism
Laguna West
-The system of
public spaces is the
organizing structure
of the community
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New Urbanism
Kentlands
- Gaithersburg, Maryland
- proj area: 355 acres
- Andres Duany & Elizabeth Plater- Zyberk (DPZ)
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New Urbanism
New Urbanism
Jackson Taylor
- San Jose, California, 1991
- proj area. 75 acres
- Peter Calthorpe and
Associates
- Presents three different
block types
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New Urbanism
- BLOCK 1:
mixed use commercial-office-residential
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New Urbanism
- BLOCK 2:
high density residential
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New Urbanism
- BLOCK 3:
lower density residential
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FAMOUS PLANNERS
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FAMOUS PLANNERS
157
FAMOUS PLANNERS
Geddes, Sir Patrick (1854-1932)
- in planning circles, his indelible mark is made by
his extensive contribution to fresh thought on
the shape and location of contemporary human
communities
- the author of Cities in Evolution (1915)
Gropius, Walter (1883-1969)
- Gropius owes his place in any account of the
history of planning to his invention of the
residential layout in which slab blocks of flats
are placed laterally or obliquely to a street rather
than parallel with it
Gruen, Victor (1903-)
- planner and author who has pioneered the
development in America of both regional and
city centre pedestrian shopping areas
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FAMOUS PLANNERS
Jacobs, Jane (1916-)
- American author and former associate editor of
Architectural Forum whose book the Death and
Life of Great American Cities was published in 1962.
FAMOUS PLANNERS
Mumford, Lewis (1895-)
- An influential American writer on planning and
sociology.
- His first book on planning, The Story of Utopias,
was published in 1922.
Nash, John
- Believed in curving forms, rather than formal
grid patterns
- Designer of London’s Park Crescent and Regent’s Park
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FAMOUS PLANNERS
Silkin. Lewis
- Earned his place in the history of planning by the
legislation which he introduced into Parliament
while minister of Town and Country Planning
from 1945 to 1950
- New Towns Act of 1946 and the Town and Country
Planning Act of 1947
Tange, Kenzo
- Architect and planner who analyzed major cities
of the world’s industrialized countries, finding
that characteristically they comprise only about
15% of a country’s population
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FAMOUS PLANNERS
Vitruvius (1st Century B.C.)
- the 4th to 7th chapters of his first book are
concerned generally with town planning and
embody fundamental principles for the layout
and form of whole towns
Wood, John
- An early advocate of formalism in town planning
highlighted by simple curved buildings
- Designer of the Royal Circus and the Royal
Crescent in Bath, England
Wren, Christopher
- Credited for rebuilding London after the fire of 1966
- The stock exchange building was the symbolic
focal point of his plan, instead of the traditional
palace or cathedral
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END
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