INTRODUCTION TO SAFETY,

HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENT

PREPARED BY:
DR NURASHIKIN BINTI YAACOF
 You be able to analyze human behavior and
working environment that cause the accidents
 SAFETY AT CONSTRUCTION SITE- Frisom
at
1. Domino theory
2. Human factors theory
3. Accident/ incident theory
4. Epidemiological theory
5. System theory
6. Behavioral theory
7. Bird’s triangle
 5 factors accident sequence
No. Factor Explanation

1 Ancestry and social The negative character traits that may lead people to behave
environment in an unsafe manner may be inherited (ancestral) or acquired
as a result of the social environment.

2 Fault of person Negative character traits whether inherited or acquired are the
reasons behind why people behave in an unsafe manner and
why hazardous conditions exist ( e.g. smoking in an area
which contains flammable materials).

3 Unsafe act/ mechanical Unsafe acts committed by a person and mechanical or

and physical hazards physical hazards are the direct causes of accidents (e.g.
negligence)
4 Accident Accidents lead to injuries and will have a negative effect on
the performance and image of organisation.
5 Injury Accident injuries may range from minor cuts and scratches to
serious ones such as loss of limb or other disability. Injuries
such as lacerations and fractures have a negative effect on
workers’ performance.
1. Overload
2. Inappropriate response
3. Inappropriate activities
 Overload – imbalance between a person’s capacity at
any given time and the load being carried by a person
• Factors – environmental (noise, distractions,
etc)
- internal (personal problems, emotional
stress, worry)
- situational ( level of risk, unclear
instructions)
 Inappropriate response
• how a person responds in a given situation can cause or
prevent an accident.
• If a person detects a hazardous condition but does nothing
to rectify it, he has responded inappropriately.
 Inappropriate Activities
• Human error
 Is undertaking of a task that a person does not know or not familiar
 Is misjudging the degree of risk involved in a given task
 Such activities can lead to accidents and injuries
 Overload  Ergonomic trap
• Pressure • Incompatible
• Fatigue workstation
• Motivation • Incompatible
• Drugs expectations
• Alcohol
• worry
 Decision to err
• Misjudgment of the
 System failure risk
• Policy • Unconscious desire
• Responsibility to err
• Training • Logical decision
• Correction based on the situation
• standards
 Is the study of causal relationships between environmental
factors and disease.
 2 characteristics
• Predisposition
 Susceptibility of people
 Perceptions
 Environmental factors
• Situational
 Risk assessment by individuals
 Peer pressure
 Priorities of the supervisor
 Attitude
 Can cause or prevent accident conditions
 Person (Host)
 Machine (Agent)
 Environment
 Always referred as behavior-based safety.
 Behavior-based safety is application of
behavioral theories from the field of
psychology to field of occupational safety.
 7 basic principles of behavioral theory
1. Intervention that is focused on employee behavior
2. Identification of external factors that will help understand and
improve employee behavior ( safety in the workplace)
3. Direct behavior with activators or events antecedent to the desired
behavior, and motivation of the employee to behave as desired with
incentives and rewards that will follow the desired behavior
4. Focus on the positive consequences that will result from the desired
behavior as a way to motivate employees
5. Application of the scientific method to improve attempts at
behavioral interventions
6. Use of theory to integrate information rather than to limit possibilities
7. Planned interventions with the feelings and attitudes of the individual
employee in mind
 Showed a relationship between major, minor
and no-injury accidents
 Frank Bird found all the near miss accident
must be investigated analyzed immediately
 A near miss accident is an unexpected or
unplanned incident which occurs but does not
cause any injuries or damage to properties.
 600: tend to lead employers to be careless and
be overconfident
 30, 10: if tend to ignore the near miss , lead to
this level
 1: if still unchecked involves serious or
permanent injuries

Reference: Abdullah, N.A.C; Subramaniam, C. and

Hassan, Z. (2010) BBSH 4103 Fundamentals of
Hazard Management, Prentice Hall.