WELCOME TO MY PRESENTATION ON

INSTRUMENTAL METHODS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL

ANALYSIS
CHAPTER 8 – OTHER TECHNIQUES

SUBMITTED BY
JANNATUL MOWA
BKH1709047F
CONTENTS

• THERMOGRAVIMETRIC METHODS
• X-RAY EMISSION
• X-RAY FLUORESCENCE
 THERMOGRAVIMETRY (TG)

• Thermogravimetry (TG) is a technique in which the weight changes in a

material is measured as a function of temperature (or time) under a
controlled atmosphere.
• It is used in the research & development of various substances and
engineering materials.
 CLASSIFICATION OF THERMOGRAVIMETRY (TG)

• Dynamic thermogravimetry
• Static or isothermal thermogravimetry
• Quasistatic thermogravimetry
 PRINCIPLE

• A thermogravimetric (TG) analysis is performed by gradually raising the temperature

of a sample in a furnace as its weight is measured on an analytical balance.
• Weight of material will increase or decrease by heat up that material. The weight
change profile is recorded when the sample is subjected to heating or cooling
environment in a controlled manner.
• The weight of the sample is plotted against temperature or time to illustrate thermal
transitions in the material. This plot of weight change against temperature is called
thermogravimetric curve or thermogram.
THERMOGRAVIMETRY (TG) CURVE

FIGURE 1: TG CURVE

FIGURE 1: TG CURVE.
TYPE OF TG CURVE

FIGURE 2: TYPE OF TG CURVE

 APPLICATION OF THERMOGRAVIMETRIC (TG) ANALYSIS

• Determine the purity and thermal stability of both primary and secondary standard.
• For studying the desolvation, sublimation, vaporizations, sorption, desorption,
chemisorptions behavior of various substances.
• Correctness of error in gravimetric analysis.
• Used in study of catalyst
• Determination of the composition of complex mixture and decomposition of
complex.
• Thermogravimetric analysis is often combined with other process or used in
conjunction with other analytical methods
 X-RAY

• X-rays are part of the electromagnetic spectrum, with wavelengths shorter

than visible light.
• It can pass through solid objects, including the body. X-rays penetrate different
objects more or less according to their density.
 SOURCES OF X-RAY EMISSION

Natural x-ray sources

• Astrophysical x-ray source
• X-ray background
Artificial x-ray sources
• Radioactive tracer.
• X-ray tube, a vacuum tube that produces x-rays when current flows through it.
• X-ray laser etc.
X- RAY INTERACTION WITH SUBSTANCES
 APPLICATION OF X-RAY EMISSION

• Used in medical science

• Used for inspection of industrial parts.
• X-rays beams are used for treating skin cancers.
• Used for security purpose.
• Environmental studies (e.g., Analyses of particulate matter on air filters).
• Anthropologists and archaeologists are able to discover hidden information about
the ancient artifacts by analyzing them with x-ray spectroscopy.
 X-RAY FLUORESCENCE (XRF)

• X-ray fluorescence (XRF) is a non-destructive analytical technique used to

determine the elemental composition of materials.
• X-ray fluorescence is widely used for elemental analysis and chemical analysis,
particularly in the investigation of metals, glass, ceramics and building materials,
and for research in geochemistry, forensic science, archaeology and art objects
such as paintings.
PRINCIPLE OF XRF
 APPLICATIONS OF XRF

• Research in igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic petrology

• Cement production
• Used to perform both in vivo and in situ measurements of malignant cells,
• XRF can be used for a variety of analysis of the environment, including geology, soil
surveys, and field analysis.
• X-ray fluorescence is particularly well-suited for investigations that involve bulk
chemical analyses of major elements (Si, Al, Fe, Mn, Mg, Ca, Na, K, P) in rock and
sediment.