AC Circuit

Phasor Algebra
• Sinusoidal waveforms can have a phase difference which represents the angular
difference of the two waveforms. Also, the terms lead, lag, in phase and out of
phase are used to indicate the relationship of one waveform with the other.

• But to represent mathematically, phase difference is difficult to visualize. So, the

sinusoids are represented by phasor diagrams. This is a graphical representation of
waveforms achieved by rotating vector method.

• A phasor is a complex quantity that represents amplitude and phase of a sinusoid.

• A rotating vector, called a phasor, is a scaled line whose length has both magnitude
(peak amplitude) and direction (phase) .
•Expression
  of a phasor:
1. Cartesian form: x+j.y = r. cos + r. sin
2. Polar form: r =
3. Exponential form: r. ; here, j = .
•  
Operations of Vectors:

1. Addition/ Subtraction:
A=
B=
A+B= +
= + j. (+ )

2. Multiplication or Division:
- Convert to polar form.
- A = B=
A*B = . +
A/B =
3. Raising a phasor to a given power:
=
= .